Photosynthesis Overview and Processes Chapter 8
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Questions and Answers

What is the process where organisms capture energy from the sun and transform it into chemical energy?

Photosynthesis

What type of organism makes its own energy-rich food compounds using the sun's energy?

Producer

Which term describes organisms that make their own food?

  • Autotrophs (correct)
  • Consumers
  • Chemotrophs
  • Heterotrophs
  • Which term describes organisms that use solar energy for their energy needs?

    <p>Phototrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes organisms that use different chemical processes to obtain energy?

    <p>Chemotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism obtains its energy from consuming other organisms?

    <p>Consumer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes organisms that must take in food to meet their energy needs?

    <p>Heterotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region on the surface of Earth and in the atmosphere where living organisms exist?

    <p>Biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of photosynthesis involves light energy being absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into ATP and NADPH?

    <p>Light reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of photosynthesis, also known as the Calvin cycle, involves using ATP and NADPH to synthesize carbohydrates?

    <p>Dark reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle in plants and algae carries out photosynthesis?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pigments that absorb some light energy and reflect others called?

    <p>Photosynthetic pigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of graph plots a pigment's light absorption as a function of the light's wavelength?

    <p>Absorption spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of graph plots the rate of photosynthesis as a function of the wavelength of light?

    <p>Action spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which photosystem primarily works to make NADPH?

    <p>Photosystem I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is the first step in photosynthesis?

    <p>Photosystem II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the zigzag shape of the energy curve used to perform work in photosynthesis called?

    <p>Z scheme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a linear process of electron flow beginning at PSII and ultimately transferring to NADPH?

    <p>Noncyclic electron flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where electrons cycle, releasing energy that drives ATP synthesis?

    <p>Cyclic electron flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cycle involves three phases: carbon fixation, reduction and carbohydrate production, and regeneration of RuBP?

    <p>Calvin cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is involved in the first major step of carbon fixation?

    <p>RuBisCO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plant evolved a mechanism to minimize photorespiration?

    <p>C4 plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plant separates processes using time, opening stomata at night?

    <p>CAM plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are tiny openings or pores in plant tissue where gas exchange occurs?

    <p>Stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product formed during the Calvin cycle?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in chloroplasts contains pigments that are excited by light?

    <p>Light-harvesting complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What membrane in chloroplasts contains pigment molecules and is involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Thylakoid membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a stack of thylakoids called?

    <p>Granum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fluid-filled region between the thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane of a chloroplast called?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Photosynthesis Overview

    • Photosynthesis is a process where organisms capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy.
    • Producers, or autotrophs, are organisms that make their own food using solar energy (phototrophs) in photosynthesis or chemical energy (chemotrophs).
    • Consumers, or heterotrophs, obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
    • The biosphere encompasses regions on Earth where life exists.

    Photosynthesis Processes

    • Light reactions: Absorb light energy, which is then converted to ATP and NADPH.
    • Dark reactions (Calvin cycle): Use ATP and NADPH (made in light reactions) to form carbohydrates.
    • Chloroplasts house this process; the thylakoid membrane holds pigment molecules. Grana are stacks of thylakoids, and stroma is the surrounding fluid.

    Photosynthetic Pigments and Light

    • Photosynthetic pigments capture light energy. They absorb some wavelengths and reflect others, creating the color we see.
    • Absorption spectra show pigment light absorption as a function of wavelength; action spectra plot the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths.
    • Photosystems I and II initiate the electron flow.

    Electron Transport Chain and ATP Production

    • The Z scheme illustrates the energy exchange during noncyclic electron flow, where electrons move from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, then to NADPH, a linear process.
    • Cyclic electron flow involves electrons cycling to regenerate ATP.

    Calvin Cycle Details

    • This cycle involves three phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.
    • RuBisCO is a key enzyme in the initial carbon fixation step.
    • The product of the Calvin Cycle is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), a precursor to glucose.

    Adaptations to Environments

    • C4 plants use a mechanism to reduce photorespiration.
    • CAM plants separate processes in time by opening stomata at night.
    • Stomata are pores in plant leaves, crucial for gas exchange (carbon dioxide uptake and oxygen release).

    Key Structures in Chloroplasts

    • Light-harvesting complexes capture light energy within the thylakoid membrane.
    • The thylakoid membrane is where the light-dependent reactions occur.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of photosynthesis, including the roles of autotrophs and heterotrophs in energy conversion. It delves into the light and dark reactions, and the importance of chloroplasts and pigments in capturing solar energy. Test your knowledge of how plants produce their own food and sustain life on Earth.

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