Questions and Answers
What are the products of light reactions?
NADPH, ATP, and O2
In which organelle does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
An electron transport chain
What two molecules are produced by light reactions and used to power the Calvin Cycle?
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What provides electrons for the light reactions?
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Light reactions take place in the_____ and the Calvin Cycle takes place in the_____
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What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
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What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin Cycle?
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What is the formula for photosynthesis?
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What is the chemiosmotic production of ATP in photosynthesis called?
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What is the final electron acceptor in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
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What are the inputs to the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis?
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What is the starting material for the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?
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What do energized electrons from photosystem I reduce to?
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Energy released as electrons are passed down ______ which pumps protons into the thylakoid compartment.
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In cellular respiration, what does oxygen become reduced to?
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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Where do oxidation reductions and the citric acid cycle occur?
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What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
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In what stage of cellular respiration is the breakdown of glucose complete?
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How many ATP per NADH molecule are produced in the electron transport chain?
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How many ATP molecules are produced per FADH2 molecule?
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What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
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How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?
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In photosynthesis, ______ is oxidized and ______ is reduced.
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What is produced by reactions that take place in the thylakoids and consumed by reactions in the stroma?
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When light strikes chlorophyll molecules in the reaction-center complex, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by_____
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The reactions of the Calvin Cycle are not directly dependent on light, but they usually do not occur at night. Why?
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How many 'turns' of the Calvin Cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose? (assume one CO2 is fixed in each turn of the cycle)
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Does a release of oxygen occur in the Calvin cycle?
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Why is it difficult for most plants to carry out photosynthesis in very hot, dry environments such as deserts?
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What are autotrophs?
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What are photoautotrophs?
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What are producers?
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What are chloroplasts?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis Overview
- Light reactions produce NADPH, ATP, and O2.
- Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
- An electron transport chain connects the two photosystems in light reactions.
- ATP and NADPH generated in light reactions fuel the Calvin Cycle.
Light Reaction Details
- H2O provides electrons by being stripped in light reactions, highlighting the need for water in plants.
- Light reactions occur in thylakoids; the Calvin Cycle operates in the stroma.
- NADPH transports electrons from light reactions to the Calvin Cycle.
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the carbon source for sugar molecules in the Calvin Cycle, combining with RuBP to produce G3P.
Photosynthesis Equation and Processes
- General formula for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → Glucose + 6O2.
- Photophosphorylation is the chemiosmotic production of ATP during photosynthesis.
- Final electron acceptor in light reactions is NADP+.
Calvin Cycle Insights
- Inputs to the Calvin Cycle include CO2 from the air, and ATP and NADPH from light reactions.
- Starting material for the Calvin Cycle is Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP).
- Energized electrons from photosystem I reduce NADP+.
Electron Transport and Cellular Respiration
- Energy from electron transport chains pumps protons into thylakoid compartments.
- In cellular respiration, oxygen reduces to H2O.
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm; the citric acid cycle and oxidation-reductions occur in mitochondria.
- Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are released from glucose during cellular respiration.
Energy Production and Plant Adaptations
- Breakdown of glucose is completed in the citric acid cycle.
- 3 ATP are produced per NADH molecule in the electron transport chain, while 2 ATP are produced per FADH2.
- Primary function of cellular respiration is to generate ATP for cellular activities.
Plant Adaptations to Environment
- C4 and CAM plants both initially avoid using rubisco for carbon fixation.
- In photosynthesis, water is oxidized while carbon dioxide is reduced.
- ATP and NADPH produced in thylakoids are consumed in the stroma.
Light Dependency and Plant Characteristics
- Calvin Cycle reactions do not directly depend on light but rely on products of light reactions, explaining why they usually do not occur at night.
- Six turns of the Calvin Cycle are needed to produce one glucose molecule.
- No oxygen is released during the Calvin Cycle.
Challenges in Photosynthesis
- In hot, dry environments, closing of stomata prevents CO2 from entering and O2 from exiting, making photosynthesis difficult.
- Autotrophs are self-feeders that produce their own food; photoautotrophs, like plants, convert light energy into chemical energy.
- Producers, such as plants, create the food supply for heterotrophs.
- Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, enabling energy conversion in plants.
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Description
Explore the intricate details of photosynthesis, including the light reactions and the Calvin Cycle. Understand how energy is captured, how ATP and NADPH are produced, and how carbon dioxide is converted into glucose. This quiz covers key processes and formulas essential for grasping the significance of photosynthesis in plants.
