Photosynthesis: Light Dependent Reactions

प्रकाश संश्लेषण में प्रकाश निर्भर अभिक्रियाएं कहां होती हैं?

कैल्विन चク्र में कितने चरण होते हैं?

प्रकाश संश्लेषण पर कौन सा कारक प्रभाव डालता है?

प्रकाश संश्लेषण क्यों आवश्यक है?

प्रकाश संश्लेषण में क्या परिवर्तित होता है?

RuBisCO एन्जाइम की क्या भूमिका है?

Overview of Photosynthesis

Process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds (e.g., glucose)
Essential for life on Earth, as it provides energy and organic compounds for the food chain

Light-Dependent Reactions

Occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
Light energy is absorbed by pigments such as chlorophyll and converted into ATP and NADPH
Two stages:
- Light absorption: Light energy is absorbed by pigments, exciting electrons
- Electron transport: Electrons are passed through a series of electron carriers, generating ATP and NADPH

Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Occur in the stroma of the chloroplast
Use ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert CO2 into glucose
Three stages:
- Carbon fixation: CO2 is fixed into a 3-carbon molecule using the enzyme RuBisCO
- Reduction: 3-carbon molecules are reduced to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
- Regeneration: G3P is converted back into RuBP, allowing the cycle to continue

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

Light intensity: Increased light intensity can increase photosynthesis, but excessive light can lead to photoinhibition
Temperature: Optimal temperature for photosynthesis varies between species, but generally ranges from 20-30°C
Water availability: Drought can limit photosynthesis, while excessive water can lead to flooding and reduced photosynthesis
CO2 concentration: Increased CO2 concentration can enhance photosynthesis

Importance of Photosynthesis

Provides energy and organic compounds for the food chain
Supports life on Earth
Influences climate and atmospheric CO2 levels

प्रकाश संश्लेषण प्रक्रिया में पौधों, एल्गी और कुछ बैक्टीरिया सूरज की ऊर्जा को रसायनिक ऊर्जा में बदल देते हैं। इससे पृथ्वी पर जीवन के लिए انرژی और जटिल यौगिक प्रदान होते हैं।