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Questions and Answers
Photosynthesis takes place in the ______ of cells.
Photosynthesis takes place in the ______ of cells.
chloroplasts
The overall reaction of photosynthesis can be summarized as 6H2O + 6CO2 -> ______ + 6O2.
The overall reaction of photosynthesis can be summarized as 6H2O + 6CO2 -> ______ + 6O2.
C6H12O6
H+ ions are attracted to NADP− forming ______.
H+ ions are attracted to NADP− forming ______.
NADPH
Photosynthesis requires the presence of a green pigment called ______.
Photosynthesis requires the presence of a green pigment called ______.
Light energy is used to split water into H+ ions (protons), ______, and oxygen.
Light energy is used to split water into H+ ions (protons), ______, and oxygen.
The splitting of water releases H+ ions and ______ as a gas.
The splitting of water releases H+ ions and ______ as a gas.
For photosynthesis, plants require water, carbon dioxide, and ______ energy.
For photosynthesis, plants require water, carbon dioxide, and ______ energy.
The light-dependent stage produces NADPH, ATP, and ______.
The light-dependent stage produces NADPH, ATP, and ______.
The light-independent stage requires ______ and ATP to function.
The light-independent stage requires ______ and ATP to function.
Photosynthesis involves two stages: the light-dependent stage producing ATP, NADPH, and ______.
Photosynthesis involves two stages: the light-dependent stage producing ATP, NADPH, and ______.
In the light-independent stage, carbon dioxide is converted into ______.
In the light-independent stage, carbon dioxide is converted into ______.
The protons come from the splitting of ______, which also releases oxygen.
The protons come from the splitting of ______, which also releases oxygen.
The reactions in the light-independent stage are controlled by ______.
The reactions in the light-independent stage are controlled by ______.
Humans can artificially modify the rates of photosynthesis using various ______.
Humans can artificially modify the rates of photosynthesis using various ______.
Increasing or decreasing light ______ affects the rate of reactions.
Increasing or decreasing light ______ affects the rate of reactions.
The overall reaction of photosynthesis involves ______ and carbon dioxide to produce glucose.
The overall reaction of photosynthesis involves ______ and carbon dioxide to produce glucose.
The electrons from water go to the ______ to replace those lost.
The electrons from water go to the ______ to replace those lost.
Oxygen gas is released as a waste product out of the leaf through the ______.
Oxygen gas is released as a waste product out of the leaf through the ______.
The water for photosynthesis comes up to the leaf from the roots via the ______ vessels.
The water for photosynthesis comes up to the leaf from the roots via the ______ vessels.
Photosynthesis uses sunlight to manufacture sugar from carbon dioxide and ______.
Photosynthesis uses sunlight to manufacture sugar from carbon dioxide and ______.
The first stage of photosynthesis is called the ______-dependent stage.
The first stage of photosynthesis is called the ______-dependent stage.
The energised electrons leave chlorophyll and go to an ______ molecule.
The energised electrons leave chlorophyll and go to an ______ molecule.
Chlorophyll being deficient in electrons is replenished by the splitting of ______.
Chlorophyll being deficient in electrons is replenished by the splitting of ______.
NADP+ receives two electrons from chlorophyll to become ______.
NADP+ receives two electrons from chlorophyll to become ______.
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants produce carbohydrates from simple chemicals using the sun's energy.
- It is essential for life on Earth because it converts light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.
- The overall balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis is: 6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
- This means that six molecules of water and six molecules of carbon dioxide react in the presence of light energy and chlorophyll to produce one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) and six molecules of oxygen.
- The process is carried out by chloroplasts, which are organelles containing the green pigment chlorophyll.
- Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which excites electrons within the chlorophyll molecule.
- These excited electrons are then used to split water molecules (H2O) into hydrogen ions (H+), electrons, and oxygen (O2).
- The oxygen is released as a byproduct.
- The hydrogen ions and electrons are used to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) to form carbohydrates, such as glucose.
The Light-dependent Stage
- The light-dependent stage requires light and takes place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
- It involves the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll, which leads to the production of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).
- ATP and NADPH are energy carriers.
- Water is split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
The Light-independent Stage
- The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin cycle, does not directly require light but relies on the products of the light-dependent stage (ATP and NADPH).
- Carbon dioxide is incorporated into an organic molecule (RuBP, ribulose bisphosphate).
- This process is called carbon fixation.
- The carbon dioxide is then reduced to glucose using the energy from ATP and the reducing power from NADPH.
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Light Intensity: As light intensity increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis.
- Carbon Dioxide Concentration: Increasing carbon dioxide concentration increases the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain point.
- Temperature: Photosynthesis has an optimum temperature range; temperatures below or above this range will slow down the rate.
- Water Availability: Water is essential for photosynthesis. A lack of water can significantly reduce the rate.
Human Modifications of Photosynthesis
- Greenhouse Lighting: Artificial lights are used to supplement sunlight, especially during winter months.
- Carbon Dioxide Enrichment: Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in greenhouses can enhance photosynthetic rates and plant growth.
Summary of Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is a two-stage process that converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
- The light-dependent stage, which requires light, produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
- The light-independent stage uses ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose.
- The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by factors such as light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature.
- Humans can manipulate photosynthesis rates in greenhouses with techniques like artificial lighting and carbon dioxide enrichment.
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