90 Questions
What is the primary function of Photosystem II?
Splitting water
Where do the Light-Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplasts
What is the role of ATP Synthase in the photosynthetic process?
Produce ATP
What is the purpose of the Electron Transport Chain in photosynthesis?
Producing NADPH
Which molecule serves as the electron carrier in photosynthesis?
NADP+
What is the main purpose of chemiosmosis in photosynthesis?
ATP synthesis
During photosynthesis, what is the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen
What is lost during oxidation and gained during reduction in redox reactions?
Hydrogen atom (H+)
Which range of the electromagnetic spectrum does gamma rays belong to?
Gamma rays
Which color light is mainly reflected by plants during photosynthesis?
Green
What factor can limit photosynthetic rates in plants?
Light intensity
What percentage of Earth's radiant energy comes from visible light?
40%
What is the first step in the Calvin Cycle?
Attachment of 6 CO2 to RuBP
What enzyme accelerates the reaction in which an unstable 6-carbon molecule splits into two 3-carbon molecules?
Rubisco
Which molecule is used to regenerate RuBP in the Calvin Cycle?
G3P
What is the main disadvantage of C4 plants compared to C3 plants?
Lower productivity in hotter, drier climates
In the C4 photosynthesis pathway, what is the initial compound that combines with CO2 to form organic acids?
PEP
What type of plant has a different distribution of mesophyll cells, bundle sheath cells, veins, and stomata compared to a C3 plant?
C4 plants
Where does Pyruvate Oxidation occur in aerobic respiration?
Mitochondrial matrix
What are the products of Pyruvate Oxidation?
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2
What is the other name for the Citric Acid Cycle?
Krebs cycle
What is the function of NADH and FADH2 in the Citric Acid Cycle?
Carry high-energy electrons and hydrogen
What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration's Electron Transport Chain?
Act as the ultimate electron acceptor to produce water
How is ATP primarily formed in oxidative phosphorylation?
Through chemiosmosis coupling proton transport with ATP production
What is the main purpose of the Light Reaction in photosynthesis?
Convert light energy into ATP
Which molecule is NOT involved in the Calvin Cycle reactions?
Glucose
What is the final product of the Calvin Cycle reactions?
Glucose
In the Light Reaction, what is the role of ATP synthase?
Photophosphorylate ADP and P into ATP
Where do the de-energized electrons go after being passed to Photosystem I?
2nd ETC
What is the primary function of NADPH Reductase in photosynthesis?
Reduce NADP+ into NADPH
Where does Pyruvate Oxidation occur in aerobic respiration?
Mitochondria matrix
What are the products of Pyruvate Oxidation?
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2
What is the other name for the Citric Acid Cycle?
Krebs cycle or TCA cycle
Where do the Light-Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis take place?
Thylakoid membrane
How is ATP primarily formed in oxidative phosphorylation?
Through chemiosmosis
What is the final product when O2 acts as the ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
Water
What is the main advantage of C4 plants over C3 plants in hot, dry environments?
Net productivity is approximately 2-3 times greater in hot, dry environments.
What is the key function of PEP carboxylase in C4 photosynthesis?
PEP carboxylase converts CO2 to carbohydrate at lower CO2 concentrations than Rubisco.
What is the primary adaptation of CAM plants to conserve water in extremely dry climates?
CAM plants open their stomata only at night to fix CO2 and store it as organic acids.
How do CAM plants utilize the stored organic acids during the day?
During the day, CAM plants convert stored organic acids back to CO2 for use in the Calvin cycle.
What is the main advantage of CAM plants when water is scarce but light is abundant?
CAM plants are more efficient in low water conditions but high light conditions.
What is the difference between C4 and CAM plants in terms of when they fix CO2?
C4 plants fix CO2 in mesophyll cells, while CAM plants fix CO2 at night and store it as organic acids.
What is the main importance of photosynthesis to the entire web of life on Earth?
Photosynthesis provides food for virtually all organisms.
Explain the role of light in the activation of chlorophyll during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Light activates chlorophyll to initiate the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
How does a proton gradient contribute to the formation of ATP according to the chemiosmotic model?
The proton gradient powers ATP synthesis by driving the rotation of ATP synthase.
Differentiate between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
Alcohol fermentation produces ethanol, while lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid.
What is the primary function of NADPH Reductase in photosynthesis?
NADPH Reductase converts NADP+ to NADPH, facilitating the transfer of electrons in the light reactions.
What are the feeding types (trophic types) in the context of photosynthetic organisms?
Photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs.
What are some factors that can limit optimal photosynthetic rates in plants?
Light intensities, temperature, and amount of carbon dioxide
What important storage mechanisms for nitrogen occur in plants?
Conversion of nitrates to ammonia
How can global climate change, caused by increasing CO2 levels, be moderated?
Limiting deforestation, reducing fossil fuel consumption, and growing biofuel crops
Where does respiration release energy from glucose molecules?
From glucose molecules that are broken down to individual carbon dioxide molecules
What is the summary reaction for glucose breakdown in cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
What is the major role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
To combine with H+ to become water
What is the net gain of ATP produced in cellular respiration?
36 ATP
What are the two end products of anaerobic respiration?
Lactic acid or Alcohol and CO2
What is the main difference in efficiency between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration is much more efficient
What is the role of fermentation in the absence of O2?
Reduce pyruvate to Lactate or Alcohol and CO2
What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?
Carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol
What is the main product of lactic acid fermentation?
Lactic acid (lactate)
Photosystem II is also known as ___________
P680
Photosystem I is also known as ___________
P700
ATP Synthase is an ATP producing enzyme embedded in the ________________
thylakoid membrane
The series of embedded transport proteins between Photosystem II and Photosystem I is called ________________
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
NADP+ is an electron carrier that transports energy to the Calvin Cycle, acting like a Prius Airport Taxi, and gets reduced to ____________
NADPH
Chemiosmosis, a part of the electron transport chain, uses the proton gradient to produce ______________
ATP
Enzymes regulate __________ activities
metabolic
Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down __________
carbohydrates
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the most important energy transfer molecule in living _________
things
Adding the Phosphate group back, ADP becomes ________
ATP
_________________ reactions involve oxidation and reduction
Redox
Hydrogen atom (H+) is lost during oxidation and gained during __________
reduction
During photosynthesis, the final electron acceptor is ______
oxygen
Aerobic respiration cannot be completed without ______
O2
Glucose breakdown in cellular respiration results in the production of ______ and water
CO2
The main purpose of chemiosmosis in photosynthesis is the production of ______
ATP
Respiration is the release of energy from glucose molecules through the process of breaking them down to individual ______ molecules
carbon dioxide
In the Chloroplast, reduction of sulfate to sulfide is important for the synthesis of proteins, anthocyanins, and ______
chlorophylls
Pyruvate (3C) degraded to Acetyl CoA (2C) in the process of Pyruvate ______
Oxidation
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport system in the process of ______ transport
Electron
Prior to entering the citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid loses CO2 and is converted to ______ CoA
Acetyl
Glucose becomes fructose carrying two phosphates in the process of Glycolysis - ______
Phosphorylation
High energy electrons and hydrogen are removed as the Citric acid (Krebs) cycle proceeds in the fluid matrix of ______ in mitochondria
cristae
If O2 is not available, anaerobic respiration or ______ occurs
fermentation
Pyruvate is oxidized and binds with ______
Coenzyme A
Each Citric Acid Cycle releases 3 ______
CO2
In Electron Transport Chain, energy from NADH and FADH2 is released as ______ and electrons
hydrogen
O2 acts as the ultimate electron acceptor in Oxidative Phosphorylation, producing ______
water
Chemiosmosis couples transport of protons into matrix with ______ phosphorylation
oxidative
The Carbon removed from Pyruvate is converted to ______
CO2
Test your knowledge of the overview of photosynthesis in plants and reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions. Topics include where photosynthesis takes place, the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into organic molecules, and the role of protons and oxygen in redox reactions.
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