Photosynthesis and Plant Transport Systems
50 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What initiates the loading of sugar into the companion cell?

  • Pressure gradient from sink to source
  • Osmosis from the surrounding cells
  • Diffusion from sieve tube elements
  • Active transport at the source (correct)

How does sucrose move from companion cells into sieve tube elements?

  • By osmosis
  • By active transport
  • By diffusion (correct)
  • By facilitated diffusion

What happens to the water potential of the sieve tube element when sucrose enters?

  • It decreases. (correct)
  • It fluctuates rapidly.
  • It increases significantly.
  • It remains unchanged.

What drives the movement of water into the phloem?

<p>Osmosis due to low water potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end result of solutes moving to the sink cells?

<p>Solutes increase the water potential at the sink. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an internal factor affecting translocation?

<p>Temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of photosynthesis in green plants?

<p>To produce organic molecules from sunlight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What byproduct is produced during photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the Calvin Cycle?

<p>Glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the light-dependent reactions?

<p>Water is used as a substrate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis at CO2 concentrations above 1.0%?

<p>It decreases due to stomata closure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs during the Calvin Cycle?

<p>Carbon dioxide fixation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the external factors influencing the rate of photosynthesis?

<p>Light, temperature, and CO2 concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

<p>In the thylakoid membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimum temperature range for photosynthesis?

<p>20 - 35°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high oxygen concentration on photosynthesis?

<p>It lowers the rate of photosynthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total water loss in plants is attributed to lenticular transpiration?

<p>1 – 5% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do guard cells play in stomatal transpiration?

<p>They regulate the opening and closing of stomata. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the effect of stomatal transpiration on plant cooling?

<p>It provides a significant cooling effect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process discussed that converts biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP?

<p>Aerobic cellular respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does transpiration impact mineral transport in plants?

<p>It facilitates the movement of minerals absorbed by the roots. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis occur within the cell?

<p>Cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall chemical reaction that summarizes cellular respiration?

<p>C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lenticels and where are they found?

<p>Small openings in the woody stem and fruits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about turgidity and guard cells is correct?

<p>Increased turgidity in guard cells causes the stomatal opening to widen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of glycolysis involves splitting glucose using ATP?

<p>1st phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the second phase of glycolysis?

<p>Creation of ATP and NADH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lenticular transpiration and stomatal transpiration are similar in that they both involve:

<p>The loss of water vapor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural change occurs in plants that becomes more robust against pests and disease?

<p>Thickening of cell walls. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen?

<p>Aerobic respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does O2 present during the process of carbon fixation?

<p>O2 and CO2 compete for the active site of enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition leads to a yellowing of leaves, known as chlorosis?

<p>Infection or lack of minerals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the Krebs Cycle in aerobic respiration?

<p>NADH and FADH2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding anaerobic respiration?

<p>End products include ethanol and CO2. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the electron transport chain occur in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Mitochondrial membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a byproduct of alcoholic fermentation?

<p>Ethanol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation?

<p>Alcoholic fermentation regenerates NAD+ through acetaldehyde. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall equation for anaerobic fermentation?

<p>Glucose → 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs during aerobic respiration but not during anaerobic respiration?

<p>Krebs Cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is regenerated during lactic acid fermentation?

<p>NAD+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a high number of leaves have on transpiration rate?

<p>It increases the transpiration rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which internal factor would reduce the rate of transpiration?

<p>Presence of a thick cuticle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the concentration of sugar solutions in fruits when transpiration is rapid?

<p>It becomes more concentrated, increasing sweetness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which external factor can increase the transpiration rate?

<p>High wind movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of leaves affect transpiration rate?

<p>Bigger leaves result in a higher transpiration rate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of stomata in transpiration?

<p>They increase water loss by providing pores. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of transpiration?

<p>Leaf age (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if there is a low concentration of CO2 around a plant?

<p>It decreases transpiration rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between temperature and stomata during transpiration?

<p>Higher temperature causes stomata to open. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is likely to lower the transpiration rate of a plant?

<p>High relative humidity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lenticular Transpiration

Water loss from the plant in the form of water vapor through small openings called lenticels, found on woody stems and fruits.

Lenticels

Small openings found on the surface of woody stems and fruits that allow for gas exchange and water vapor release.

Stomata

Tiny pores found on the epidermis of leaves and green shoots that regulate gas exchange and water loss.

Guard Cells

Special cells located on the edges of stomata that control the opening and closing of the pores.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stomatal Transpiration

The process of water loss through the stomata of leaves and green shoots, accounting for the majority of water loss in plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Effect of transpiration on mineral transport

The process of transferring mineral nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant by the transpiration stream.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Effect of transpiration on water movement

The upward movement of water from the root to the leaves, driven by the transpiration stream.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cooling effect of transpiration

The cooling effect provided by transpiration, which prevents overheating of the plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transpiration

The process by which plants lose water vapor through tiny pores called stomata on their leaves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Number of leaves

A factor influencing transpiration. A higher number of leaves means a larger surface area for water to evaporate from.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Number of stomata

A factor influencing transpiration. More stomata on a leaf means more pores for water to escape.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Size of leaves

A factor influencing transpiration. Larger leaves have a greater surface area for water to evaporate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Structure of leaf

A factor influencing transpiration. The structure of a leaf, including the presence of cuticle and hairs, can reduce transpiration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Temperature

A factor influencing transpiration. Higher temperatures increase the rate of evaporation, leading to increased transpiration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relative humidity

A factor influencing transpiration. Low humidity means drier air, which pulls more water from leaves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wind and air movement

A factor influencing transpiration. Wind can remove water vapor from the air around leaves, encouraging further evaporation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soil moisture availability

A factor influencing transpiration. Soil moisture availability affects how much water plants can absorb, impacting transpiration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Light

A factor influencing transpiration. Light triggers stomatal opening, increasing transpiration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Translocation in Plants

The movement of sugars from source cells (where they're made) to sink cells (where they're needed) through the phloem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Source Cell

A cell that produces sugars through photosynthesis, typically leaves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sink Cell

A cell that uses sugars for growth or storage, typically roots or growing shoots.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pressure Gradient in Phloem

The pressure difference created within the phloem due to water movement, driving sugar from source to sink.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osmosis in Phloem

The movement of water into the phloem due to the lower water potential created by high sugar concentration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Companion Cell Role

A companion cell adjacent to a sieve tube element, actively loading sugars into the phloem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Photosynthesis

The process in which light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chlorophyll

The green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Light-dependent reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis, which requires sunlight. It takes place in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and produces ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin cycle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

The second stage of photosynthesis, which does not require sunlight. It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and uses CO2, ATP, and NADPH to produce glucose.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Photolysis

A process where water is split by light energy, releasing oxygen as a by-product. It occurs in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbon Dioxide Fixation

The process of incorporating carbon dioxide into organic molecules, specifically during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

CO2 Concentration

The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere directly influences the rate of photosynthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Light Intensity

Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis. The more sunlight, the higher the rate of photosynthesis, but there are limits. Plants have adaptations to maximize light absorption.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen. It occurs in mitochondria and involves two main stages: the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Krebs Cycle

The first stage of aerobic respiration that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It converts pyruvate into carbon dioxide, generating NADH and FADH2.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electron Transport Chain

The second stage of aerobic respiration that takes place in the mitochondrial membranes (cristae). It uses the NADH and FADH2 from the Krebs Cycle to generate ATP, reducing oxygen to water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anaerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that does not require oxygen. It occurs in the cytoplasm and is often referred to as fermentation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alcoholic Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration where glucose is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is commonly used by yeasts and plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration where glucose is broken down into lactic acid. It occurs in muscle cells and certain bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fermentation

A process where glucose is not completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water due to the lack of oxygen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conversion of pyruvate to ethanol

The process of converting pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide during alcoholic fermentation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic reactions occurring within living cells to convert chemical energy from nutrients into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), releasing waste products like CO2. It's crucial for cell division and development, powering essential processes in all living organisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is aerobic cellular respiration?

Aerobic cellular respiration is a metabolic process that requires oxygen to convert glucose into ATP. It involves three main steps: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and the electron transport chain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is anaerobic cellular respiration?

Anaerobic cellular respiration (fermentation) is a metabolic process that does not require oxygen. It's less efficient than aerobic respiration, producing less ATP but is used when oxygen is limited. Examples include lactic acid fermentation in muscles and alcoholic fermentation in yeast.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is glycolysis?

Glycolysis is the first step in glucose breakdown, occurring in the cytoplasm. It involves splitting glucose using ATP into two molecules of G3P, which are then converted into two pyruvate molecules. This process generates ATP and NADH.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the citric acid cycle?

The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) takes place in the mitochondria and uses pyruvate from glycolysis to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2. It's a cyclical series of reactions that generates high-energy electron carriers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the electron transport chain?

The electron transport chain, the final stage of aerobic respiration, occurs in the mitochondria and utilizes electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) to generate ATP. Electrons flow through a series of protein complexes, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Plant Physiology

  • Plants have two transportation systems
  • Substances move via two types of transport tissues
  • Xylem transports water and solutes from roots to leaves via transpiration
  • Phloem transports food (sugars and amino acids) from leaves to other plant parts via translocation
  • Xylem tissues carry water and minerals; one-way flow
  • Phloem tissues carry food down from the leaves; two-way flow

Transportation in Plant

  • Xylem
    • One-way flow
    • No end walls between cells
    • Thick walls stiffened with lignin; supports the plant tissue
  • Phloem
    • Two-way flow
    • End walls with perforations (sieve plates)
    • Cells have end walls with perforations

The Vascular Bundle Structure

  • Stem and root structures
  • Vascular bundles composed of phloem, cambium and xylem
  • Cambium cells make new xylem and phloem
  • Epidermis of stem and root protects and reduces water loss
  • Root hairs absorb water and mineral salts

Transpiration

  • Transpiration is the loss of water vapor through the stomata; it results in the upward movement of water through the plant from roots to leaves
    • Water evaporates from leaves
    • Veins carry water into leaves
    • Water is drawn up the stem to the leaves
    • Roots take up water from the soil
  • 90% of water absorbed by roots is lost through transpiration
  • 3 types of transpiration
    • Cuticular
    • Lenticular
    • Stomatal

Types of Transpiration

  • Cuticular

    • Loss of water vapor through the cuticle (layer of wax)
    • Minimizes water loss from leaf surface
    • Thicker cuticle, the lesser transpiration rate

  • Lenticular

    • Loss of water vapor through lenticels (small openings) in woody stems and fruits.
    • Water evaporates from cell surfaces
    • Accounts for 1-5% of total water loss

  • Stomatal

    • Loss of water vapor through stomata on leaves; the main form of transpiration.
    • Stomata open when guard cells are turgid; closes when flaccid
    • Regulates water loss and gas exchange
    • Accounts for 85-90% of total water loss

  • Internal and external factors affect transpiration rate

Translocation

  • Translocation is the movement of materials from leaves to other plant parts
  • Food (sugars, amino acids) is transported from sources (leaves) to sinks (growth regions) through phloem tissues.
  • Phloem tissues are vascular bundles that run throughout the plant in strands, extending from roots into leaves
  • The mass flow hypothesis describes the movement of sugars through the phloem
  • Sucrose is loaded into companion cells, then into sieve-tube elements, creating a concentration gradient and thus driving water flow through the phloem
  • Factors influencing translocation include proximity of sources and sinks, growth hormones, and external factors (water/mineral stress, light/temperature, effects of carbon dioxide)

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis is a process where plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
  • Chlorophyll traps sunlight energy, driving chemical reactions
  • Occurs in chloroplasts, mainly in mesophyll cells of leaves.

Stages of Photosynthesis

  • Light-dependent reactions
    • Occurs in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
    • Uses light energy to split water, producing oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.
  • Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
    • Occurs in stroma of chloroplasts
    • Uses ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

  • Internal: Number of leaves, number stomata, size of leaves, leaf structure
  • External: Light intensity, temperature, CO2 concentration, water availability, Oâ‚‚ concentration, chlorophyll concentration

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration is a process that converts chemical energy in food (glucose) into chemical energy in the form of ATP
  • ATP powers essential life processes
  • Overall reaction: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Stages of Cellular Respiration

  • Glycolysis
    • Occurs in cytoplasm
    • Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.
  • Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle)
    • Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
    • Pyruvate is further broken down, producing CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
  • Electron transport chain
    • Occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane
    • NADH and FADH2 release electrons, generating a proton gradient used to produce a large amount of ATP.

Types of Cellular Respiration

  • Anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

    • Occurs without oxygen
    • Products are lactic acid (muscle cells) or ethanol and CO2(plant, yeast).

  • Aerobic respiration

    • Occurs with oxygen
    • Produces much more ATP, essential for most organisms

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Plant Physiology Chapter 4 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the mechanisms of photosynthesis and the transport of sugars within plants, particularly focusing on the role of companion cells and sieve tubes. It covers key concepts including the Calvin Cycle, light-dependent reactions, and factors affecting photosynthesis. Test your understanding of these vital plant processes!

More Like This

Plant Physiology Transport Mechanisms
15 questions

Plant Physiology Transport Mechanisms

EnticingLotus avatar
EnticingLotus
Photosynthesis Overview and Mechanisms
16 questions

Photosynthesis Overview and Mechanisms

UserReplaceablePyrite4262 avatar
UserReplaceablePyrite4262
Biology Lectures 3, 4, and 5 Quiz
23 questions

Biology Lectures 3, 4, and 5 Quiz

WellRegardedTuba avatar
WellRegardedTuba
Photosynthesis Mechanisms and Processes Quiz
33 questions

Photosynthesis Mechanisms and Processes Quiz

JudiciousJasper5350 avatar
JudiciousJasper5350
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser