Photosynthesis and Natural Product Production
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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy?

  • Respiration
  • Transpiration
  • Fermentation
  • Photosynthesis (correct)

    • What is the equation for photosynthesis?

  • C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight
  • 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (correct)
  • 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
  • 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6

    • In which organelles does photosynthesis occur?

  • Chloroplasts (correct)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes

    • What is the byproduct of photosynthesis that is released into the atmosphere?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Light absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the high-energy electron pair being passed along the electron transport chain?

    <p>Proton gradient formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecule that receives the electrons in the light-dependent reactions?

    <p>Electron acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many stages are there in the process of photosynthesis?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the proton gradient in the light-dependent reaction?

    <p>From the lumen to the stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP synthase in the light-dependent reaction?

    <p>To drive ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the light-dependent reaction that is used in the Calvin cycle?

    <p>ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of plastocyanin in the light-dependent reaction?

    <p>To transfer electrons to PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH in the light-dependent reaction?

    <p>In the stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>Carbon fixation or carbon sequestration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which the proton gradient is used to drive ATP synthesis?

    <p>Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of the reaction between CO2 and RuBP?

    <p>3-Phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ferredoxin in the light-dependent reaction?

    <p>To transfer electrons to PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the light-dependent reaction in photosynthesis?

    <p>It produces ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy source for the conversion of 3-PGA to G3P?

    <p>ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reduction of 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G3P)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the regeneration stage?

    <p>To regenerate RuBP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of photosynthesis in the production of natural products?

    <p>Biomass production, food, fiber, biofuels, and animal feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of G3P are used to regenerate RuBP?

    <p>5 molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reactant that combines with CO2 in the first stage of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>RuBP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary uses of organic compounds extracted from photosynthesis?

    <p>Manufacturing biodegradable materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of organic compound produced through photosynthesis?

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phytochemicals in ecosystems?

    <p>Have medicinal and industrial applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which industry uses organic compounds as building blocks for production?

    <p>Pharmaceuticals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of photosynthesis in ecosystems?

    <p>Produce oxygen and organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an organic compound used in the production of cosmetics?

    <p>Phenolics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of organic compounds in the food chain?

    <p>Support the food chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product derived from organic compounds?

    <p>Electronics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Photosynthesis Overview

    • Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, such as glucose.
    • The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
    • Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.

    Light-Dependent Reactions

    • Occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
    • Involve the conversion of light energy into ATP and NADPH.
    • Steps:
      • Light absorption by pigments such as chlorophyll a and other accessory pigments.
      • Excitation of electrons and transfer to a special molecule called an electron acceptor.
      • Transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain, losing energy used to pump protons across the membrane.
      • Formation of a proton gradient, which is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi through chemiosmosis.
      • Reduction of NADP+ to form NADPH.

    Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

    • Occur in the stroma of the chloroplast.
    • Involve the fixation of carbon dioxide into glucose using ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions.
    • Steps:
      • Carbon fixation: CO2 is combined with ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate (RuBP) to produce an unstable six-carbon molecule that splits into two 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) molecules.
      • Activation and reduction: ATP and NADPH are used to convert 3-PGA molecules into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
      • Regeneration: five molecules of G3P are used to regenerate RuBP, and the remaining ½ G3P molecule is used to make glucose.

    Significance of Photosynthesis in Production of Natural Products

    • Biomass production: provides raw material for various natural products, including food, fiber, biofuels, animal feed, and more.
    • Organic compound synthesis: produces a wide range of organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, phenolics, and terpenes.
    • Phytochemical production: produces biologically active compounds with medicinal and industrial applications, such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, antibiotics, and anticancer agents.
    • Ecosystem support: produces oxygen and organic compounds that support the food chain, including oxygen for aerobic organisms, food for herbivores, and shelter and habitat for wildlife.

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    Description

    Understand the process of photosynthesis, its significance, and how it leads to the production of natural products. Learn about the equation, requirements, and importance of photosynthesis.

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