BIO 100.41 | Integumentary & Skeletal Systems
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What is the main embryonic origin of the dermis in the integumentary system?

  • Dermatome (correct)
  • Somites
  • Sclerotome
  • Periderm

    • Which layer makes up the largest part of the integumentary system in terms of body weight?

  • Stratum germinativum
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis (correct)
  • Hypodermis

    • What is the main function of the acid nature maintained by the integumentary system?

  • Enhancing sensory perception
  • Increasing UV exposure
  • Preventing bacterial infections (correct)
  • Promoting bacterial growth

    • Which specialized cells are involved in the production of keratin in the integumentary system?

    <p>Keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the stratum corneum in the integumentary system?

    <p>Protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure contributes to preventing desiccation (drying up) in fishes within the integumentary system?

    <p>Mucous gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a Club cell in fish?

    <p>Excitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides a hard surface to counter the force in soft surfaces according to the text?

    <p>Stratum corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell in fish is responsible for secreting predator repellent substances that do not directly contact the scales?

    <p>Sacciform cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between horns and antlers as described in the text?

    <p>Antlers can regrow while horns cannot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms an abscission line in male moose to shed their antlers after the mating season?

    <p>Bony core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fish, what is the role of Goblet cells?

    <p>Mucus production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals has horns made from keratinous fibers according to the text?

    <p>Rhinoceros</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Chondrichthyes in terms of scales?

    <p>Dermal bone absent, placoid scales present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of pronghorn horns during winter time as mentioned in the text?

    <p>They are shed in winter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Ganoid scales in fish scale anatomy?

    <p>Replacement of cosmine by dentine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the 'velvet' on antlers described in the text?

    <p>Supply nutrients and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Rhomboid appearance in Ganoid scales?

    <p>Increased hydrodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skull is responsible for enclosing the ear sensory organs?

    <p>Otic capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which group of animals are the palatoquadrate fully functional in the upper jaws?

    <p>Chondrichthyans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone in the lower jaw articulates with the connecting bones like hyomandibula?

    <p>Articular bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element forms the primary elements of jaws in mammals?

    <p>Maxilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature characterizes kinetic skulls that allows them to move to some degree?

    <p>Can protrude jaws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals exhibits an akinetic skull that allows suckling in infants and chewing with specialized teeth?

    <p>Mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the uropygial gland in birds?

    <p>To secrete lipids and put them on the feathers for water repellency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows body heat to be in contact with the eggs in birds?

    <p>Dermal vascularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feather has a stalk or quill?

    <p>Pennaceous feathers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of scutes in reptiles?

    <p>To act as dermal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of iridescence in bird feathers?

    <p>Structural features like barbule shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do embryonic induction and epidermal-dermis interactions relate to feather development?

    <p>Epidermal-dermis interactions play a role in feather growth, responding to signals from embryonic induction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Claws grow in a straight direction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antlers have a coat of blood vessels, skin, and short hair that supplies nutrients and minerals to the growing bone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Horns and antlers both have a bony core.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pronghorn horns are present throughout the year, not just during winter.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Giraffe horns are made from ossified cartilaginous processes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rhinoceros horns are made from keratinized fibers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Feathers in birds form from interactions between epidermis and mesoderm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastralia are large plate-like scales found on the back of birds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uropygial gland in birds secretes water to maintain feather coloration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Salt glands in birds play a role in salt excretion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Birds' feathers have barbule shapes that enhance their chemical iridescence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Feather-like scales, teeth, and hair develop from interactions between epidermis and mesenchyme.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dorsal ribs attach to myomeres/myosepta, while ventral ribs interact with the Pleural cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first caudal vertebrae involve the fusion of neural arches and formation of neural canal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True ribs allow for expansion and compression during breathing through their costal+sternal segments.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The capitulum articulates with the parapophysis, which is the anterior-most process that articulates with the vertebra.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    False ribs are ribs that articulate with the sternum, allowing compensation of volume during breathing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Birds have a sternum with a prominent keel/hull-like structure known as xiphisternum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dermis is mainly produced through intramembranous ossification.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The integumentary system contributes to gas exchange in amphibians.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Keratinization is the accumulation of collagen from living dermal cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stratum corneum is the innermost layer of the epidermis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dermis contributes to preventing desiccation in fishes by producing mucus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hard protective keratinized layers called calluses are primarily formed due to the stratum germinativum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The palatoquadrate is located ventrally in the feeding process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nictitating membrane is thick in the ventral margin of the eye.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Actinopterygii exhibit a low degree of kinesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurocranium is lowered in derived actinopterygians during feeding.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharyngeal jaw in sarcopterygii processes food into larger components.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Labyrinthodont teeth are infolded in modern lobe-finned fishes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Turtles have a synapsid skull.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Squamata have lower temporal bars that allow streptostyly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aves have expanded palatal bones and retained epipterygoids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monotremata lack jugal bones in their skull.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The integumentary system is composed of the epidermis and the ________ layer.

    <p>dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The largest organ in the human body is the ________.

    <p>skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ layer of the integumentary system is responsible for protection against trauma, fluid loss, and UV radiation.

    <p>epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Keratinization is the process of accumulation of ________ from dying epidermal cells.

    <p>keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dermal bones are produced through intramembranous ossification within the membrane and the ________ layer.

    <p>dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outermost layer of the integumentary system, known as the stratum ________, is keratinized.

    <p>corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main skeletal tissue in chondrichthyans & early ontogenetic development is ______

    <p>cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcified cartilage results from deposition of calcium salts inside ______

    <p>hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dentin forms ______ of teeth

    <p>layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jaws in modern bony fishes are typically ______

    <p>hyostylic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ encloses and supports the brain in elasmobranchs

    <p>chondrocranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dermal bones contributing to the skull are derived from ______ tissues

    <p>mesenchymal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ series of dermal bones encircle the eye

    <p>orbital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ series forms the sides of the vertebrate head

    <p>temporal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ series forms the dorsal covering of the skull

    <p>vault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ series forms the lower jaw

    <p>mandibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arrector pili is a smooth muscle that makes hair stand due to fear, cold, or anger, controlling hair filaments and causing ______.

    <p>goosebumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Melanin regeneration decreases with age, happening slowly as the ______ grows older.

    <p>individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dermis is double-layered, consisting of the papillary layer with fingerlike projections into the epidermis and the reticular layer that anchors the dermis to ______.

    <p>fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrous connective tissue in the integumentary system provides elasticity, allowing it to return to its original shape after ______.

    <p>pinching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thick fur in many mammals consists of two layers: guard hairs that are larger and coarse on the outer layer, and the finer, shorter underfur located ______ guard hairs.

    <p>underneath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The directionality of hair, known as grain, determines the ______ of hair.

    <p>punyot!bunburian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fusion of hemal arches and formation of hemal canal occur in the first caudal ______

    <p>vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True ribs allow for compensation of volume & changes of size in the cavity during ______

    <p>respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sternum is the middle portion where two ribs articulate in the ventral ______

    <p>position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Turtles, snakes, and limbless lizards are examples of reptiles that have no ______

    <p>sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Birds have a sternum with a prominent carina, where carina is a very enlarged/prominent structure, forming an expanded sternum with a keel/hull-like ______

    <p>shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The xiphisternum in birds has xiphoid cartilage and an omosternum, where omosternum refers to the anterior portion of the ______

    <p>xiphisternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In modern lobe-finned fishes, palatoquadrate is fused to the ossified ___________

    <p>braincase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Aves, the beak is a drawn-out structure with keratinized ________

    <p>jaws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hyoid arch in Early Amniotes produces the __________

    <p>stapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vertebral column consists of discrete repeating cartilaginous/bony elements called __________

    <p>protovertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Mammalia, the occipital bone fuses with the basioccipital, paired exoccipitals, supraoccipital, & interparietal to form a ventral bilobed occipital __________

    <p>condyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secondary palate in Mammalia aids in __________

    <p>mastication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the axial skeleton, the notochord is the core of fluid-filled cells enclosed in a rod of fibrous connective tissue, first occurring in the __________

    <p>Protochordates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Aves have reduced palatal bones and have lost the __________

    <p>epipterygoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Mammalia-Eutheria, the stapes bone is supported by the __________ & incus

    <p>malleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neural tube in the vertebral column is also known as the Dorsal ________ Cord

    <p>nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Integumentary System

    • Embryonic origins:
      • Epidermis from single-layered surface ectoderm (outermost layer of cells)
      • Dermis from several sources (mainly dermatome, somites producing sclerotome and dermomyotome)
    • Characteristics:
      • Largest organ (~15% of body weight)
      • Large surface area in humans (1.5-2 m^2)
      • Composed of 2 layers: epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium) and dermis (connective tissue layer)
      • Variable thickness (1-2 mm, up to 6 mm in dermis)
    • Functions:
      • Protection (trauma, fluid loss, chemical attacks, UV, infection)
      • Sensory (touch, pressure, pain, temperature)
      • Thermoregulation (insulation, evaporative cooling)
      • Vitamin D3 synthesis
      • Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes
      • Gas exchange (for amphibians)
      • Nonverbal communication (pheromones)

    Specialized Scales

    • Scutes: large plate-like scales
    • Gastralia: dermal bones in abdominal area
    • Osteodermis: epidermis-supporting dermal bones (shed during molting)

    Feathers

    • Types:
      • Pennaceous feathers (A + B): have a stalk/quill
      • Plumulaceous feathers: have no vanes
    • Development:
      • Form from epidermal-dermis interactions
      • Dermis is highly vascularized
      • Stratum corneum has highly keratinized surface
      • Uropygial gland produces water-repellent coating
      • Salt glands excrete salt
    • Evolution:
      • Feather-like scales, teeth, hair, and bony scales develop from epithelial-mesenchymal interactions

    Skeletal System

    • Phylogeny:
      • Agnatha: no layer of dead cells, no keratinization
      • Gnathostomata: with jaws
      • Chondrichthyes: no ossification (almost no bone)
      • Osteichthyes: bony fish
    • Skull morphology:
      • Braincase: produced by chondrocranium
      • Sphenoid bones: close braincase wall posteriorly
      • Occipital condyle: articulates skull with vertebral column
      • Otic capsule: encloses ear sensory organs
    • Jaws:
      • Upper jaws: endoskeletal palatoquadrate in primitive vertebrates
      • Lower jaw/mandible: Meckel's cartilage in chondrichthyans
      • Articular bone: protrudes from exoskeletal case in fishes and most tetrapods
    • Hyoid apparatus:
      • Posterior to jaw
      • Derivative of splanchnocranium behind jaws
      • Supports floor of mouth in fishes
      • Reduces hyoid apparatus in larval/paedomorphic amphibians
    • Cranial kinesis:
      • Kinetic skulls: can move to some degree
      • Akinetic skulls: no movement in skull elements

    Phylogeny of the Skull

    • Chondrichthyes: no ossification (almost no bone)
    • Actinopterygii: high degree of kinesis
    • Sarcopterygii: lobe-finned fishes
    • Early Tetrapoda: lateral line system in skull of aquatic larvae
    • Early Amniotes: skull roof formed from dermatocranium
    • Modern Reptilia: Testudines (turtles), Sphenodon, Squamata
    • Aves: diapsid skull but modified
    • Synapsida - Mammalia: highly modified synapsid skull
    • Mammalia-Eutheria: occipital bone fused, nuchal crest, cribiform plate

    Axial Skeleton

    • Components:
      • Notochord: core of fluid-filled cells enclosed in rod of fibrous connective tissue
      • Vertebral column: discrete repeating cartilaginous/bony elements
      • Neural tube: also called dorsal nerve cord
    • Vertebral column:
      • Heteronomous segmentation: repeating structures but not entirely similar
      • Serial nature: repeating elements
      • Neural and hemal arches enclose notochord
      • Interrneural and interhemal arches integrate neural and hemal arches
    • Regional specializations:
      • Caudal: associated with the tail
      • Sacrals: associated with the pelvis
      • Lumbars: associated with the waist
      • Thoracic vertebrae: protect viscera
      • Cervicals: associated with head movements### Integumentary & Skeletal Systems

    The Integument

    • Derived from embryonic ectoderm
    • Composed of two layers: epidermis and dermis
    • Epidermis:
      • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
      • Protects skin from trauma, fluid loss, and chemical attacks
      • Maintains bacterial communities
    • Dermis:
      • Connective tissue layer
      • Composed of collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and proteoglycan-rich substance
      • Provides structural integrity
      • Produces mucus to prevent desiccation
    • Hypodermis:
      • Variable thickness
      • Composed of loose connective tissue
      • Functions in thermoregulation, excretion, and gas exchange

    Skeletal System

    • Cartilage:
      • Found in joints, knee caps, and ears
      • Semi-transparent connective tissue covered by perichondrium
      • Composed of chondrocytes, collagenous fiber matrix, and spaces
      • Types: elastic, hyaline, and fibrocartilage
    • Bone:
      • Not entirely solid
      • Composed of canals, cells, and bone matrix
      • Collagenous fiber matrix with spaces
      • Osteocytes produce cement
      • Types: compact and spongy bone

    Derivatives of the Splanchnocranium

    • Supports gills
    • Attachment for respiratory muscles
    • In gnathostomes, forms jaws and hyoid apparatus
    • Arises from neural crest cells

    Jaws

    • Supports gills
    • Attachment for respiratory muscles
    • In gnathostomes, forms jaws and hyoid apparatus
    • Arises from neural crest cells
    • Serial development of jaws and branchial arches
    • Jaw muscle modified from branchial arch musculature

    Agnatha, Placoderms, and Acanthodians

    • Jaw attachments:
      • Agnatha: none of arches attaches to skull
      • Placoderms and acanthodians: euautostylic (mandibular arch suspended from skull)
      • Early sharks and some osteichthyans: amphistylic (2 primary articulations)
      • Most modern bony fishes: hyostylic (mandibular arch attaches to braincase via hyomandibula)

    Dermatocranium

    • External-most bones
    • Intramembranous ossification of mesenchymal/ectomesenchymal tissues of dermis
    • Dermal bones contributing to skull
    • Forms sides and roof of skull
    • Bony lining of mouth roof: encases splanchnocranium

    Chondrocranium

    • Encloses and supports brain in elasmobranchs
    • Made of cartilage
    • Embryonic structure only in other vertebrates
    • Partially/entirely ossified
    • Scaffold for developing brain
    • Supports sensory capsules

    Skeletal System Evolution

    • Actinopterygii: high degree of kinesis
    • Sarcopterygii: lobe-finned fishes
    • Early Tetrapoda: lateral line system in skull of aquatic larvae
    • Early Amniotes: skull roof formed from dermatocranium
    • Modern Reptilia: variations in skull structure
    • Aves: diapsid skull but modified
    • Synapsida - Mammalia: highly modified synapsid skull

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