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Questions and Answers

What is the recommended fixing time for adequate image preservation?

  • 4 minutes (correct)
  • 3 minutes
  • 1 minute
  • 6 minutes

    • Which factor is NOT as critical for fixer performance compared to developer?

  • Specific gravity (correct)
  • Dilution accuracy
  • Fixing time
  • Fixing temperature

    • What should be done if the specific gravity reading of the developer is lower than the manufacturer's recommendation?

  • Dilute with fixer
  • Replace the developer
  • Replenish with developer
  • Add water (correct)

    • What is the maximum allowable clearing time for film processing?

    <p>2 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that the fixer is too concentrated?

    <p>SG reading is higher than recommended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does specific gravity measure in relation to water's specific gravity?

    <p>Relative weight of a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should the specific gravity of the developer be evaluated?

    <p>Daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if films are left in the fixer beyond adequate fixation?

    <p>The image may be removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high specific gravity (SG) reading indicate regarding the fixer solution?

    <p>Not enough dilution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which range indicates under-replenishment of fixer based on the silver estimation test?

    <blockquote> <p>6 g/l</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal frequency for conducting hypo retention tests on films?

    <p>Weekly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken if a high level of thiosulfate is indicated in the hypo retention test?

    <p>Increase washing time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of washing films in running water after fixing?

    <p>To ensure satisfactory long-term storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following results indicates that the fixer is adequately replenished based on silver estimation tests?

    <p>4 g/l</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the film should be used for the hypo retention test?

    <p>Surface well clear of the image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using sensitometry strips in the development process?

    <p>To determine the optimal development time for maximum density without fog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following temperatures is most likely to lead to an optimal development process?

    <p>A temperature that aligns with manufacturer guidelines for the developer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a densitometer in the evaluation of film strips?

    <p>To determine the optical density of each sensitometric step</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sensitometry testing procedures, what should be done immediately after the completion of the 30-second development time?

    <p>Rinse the test strips and place them in the fixer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hydrometer measure during the development process?

    <p>The specific gravity of the developer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the strips indicates they are optimally developed?

    <p>Strips that show no increase in base plus fog level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When comparing sensitometry strips, what should be noted about the arrangement?

    <p>Strips should be arranged in numerical order with unexposed steps at the same end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it indicate if strips show an increase in density after a certain development time?

    <p>The developer is not working effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of counting all films in store before the program starts?

    <p>To assess the total inventory including unexposed films.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the rejection of films in the analysis?

    <p>Patient motion during imaging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the total cost of rejected films calculated based on the information given?

    <p>Sum of costs based on the specific sizes of rejected films.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following steps is NOT mentioned as part of the preparation before the program starts?

    <p>Testing the quality of the films.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reject film rate calculated from the total films used?

    <p>3.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main benefits of conducting a reject film analysis?

    <p>It helps in identifying main errors and reducing them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should gonadal shielding be utilized during radiographic procedures?

    <p>When the gonads are in the radiation field and the patient is of reproductive age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered an unacceptable reject rate percentage?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the potential problems that can arise from a reject film analysis program?

    <p>Radiologists and clinicians may keep substandard films.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula represents the reject rate percentage in film analysis?

    <p>Reject Rate (%) = Total Number of Rejects / Total Number of Films Used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be fully explained to all staff regarding the reject film analysis?

    <p>Why, how, when, and the benefits of the analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a reject rate falls between 5% to 10%?

    <p>Implement measures to monitor and reduce it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of preventive maintenance for an X-ray machine?

    <p>To prevent unexpected breakdowns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT emphasized in the quality standards for radiographic images?

    <p>Use of a magnet for image stabilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should gonadal shielding be used according to guidelines?

    <p>When tight collimation is not possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the image receptor in the X-ray procedure?

    <p>To convert X-rays into a visible image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is included in the sequence of diagnostic procedures in an X-ray facility?

    <p>Image processor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ensuring proper collimation on all sides of the radiograph?

    <p>It reduces superfluous radiation exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a geometric variable that could affect image quality?

    <p>Object-to-film distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the image processing is crucial for achieving appropriate image density and contrast?

    <p>Processing time and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low specific gravity (SG) reading in the fixer indicate?

    <p>The fixer has too much dilution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What silver concentration level in fixer is deemed over-replenished?

    <p>&lt; 2 g/l</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the hypo retention test?

    <p>To ensure adequate washing of the films.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if the hypo retention test indicates a high level of thiosulfate?

    <p>Check wash water flow and washing time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For how long should films be washed after being in the fixer?

    <p>20 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What frequency is recommended for conducting the silver estimation test?

    <p>Daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by excessive residual thiosulfate in the film emulsion?

    <p>A brown stain developing on the film.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method used to conduct the hypo retention test?

    <p>Inspect the color change after applying a drop of test fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high contrast film exhibit in terms of grey levels?

    <p>Fewer grey levels and more distinction between black and white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding film latitude is true?

    <p>Low latitude films have a broader range of exposure options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which testing method is most accurate for measuring focal spot size?

    <p>Pinhole Camera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of aging on the focal spot size of x-ray tubes?

    <p>Leads to a larger effective focal spot and increased off focus radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors has a narrow latitude?

    <p>High contrast film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the effective focal spot in x-ray production?

    <p>The region of the anode where electrons interact to create x-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard limit for focal spot sizes less than 0.8 mm?

    <p>Needs to comply with +/- 50% of the stated focal spot size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is used for measuring the spatial resolution of an x-ray system?

    <p>Line Pair Resolution Tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key responsibility of the QA/QC team regarding equipment?

    <p>Perform periodic quality control tests of x-ray equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is NOT part of the QA/QC committee's responsibilities?

    <p>Revise existing darkroom processing charts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for planning and establishing a QA/QC program in medical radiography?

    <p>Commitment and support of radiology personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should film analysis be conducted to ensure radiographic quality?

    <p>Every month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the objectives for establishing standards in a QA/QC program?

    <p>To categorize radiographs as good, poor, or reject</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which document is important for the QA/QC team to maintain regarding equipment?

    <p>A room logbook of all test data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for conducting darkroom quality control checks?

    <p>Establishing standard darkroom techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of not having a proper QA/QC program in place?

    <p>Increased rate of rejected films</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if fogging has occurred on radiographic film?

    <p>Increase lead shielding in the pass box.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended wattage for a safelight bulb?

    <p>15 watts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should the safelight efficiency test be conducted?

    <p>Biannual or annual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for the radiation proof test of a cassette?

    <p>A single loaded cassette and 3 lead markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended distance for installing a safelight above the workbench?

    <p>130 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors directly affect the density and contrast of a radiograph?

    <p>Development time and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if specific time and temperature recommendations are unavailable for film development?

    <p>Conduct a test to determine appropriate settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low specific gravity (SG) reading indicate about the fixer solution?

    <p>There is too much dilution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific gravity (SG) reading is considered optimal for fixer performance?

    <p>1.110</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct procedure for placing a cassette in the pass box during the radiation proof test?

    <p>Position the cassette and markers nearest to the x-ray room.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the silver estimation test, what level of silver concentration indicates over-replenishment?

    <p>2 g/l</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when a hypo retention test shows a high level of thiosulfate in the film emulsion?

    <p>Increase the washing time for the films.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of washing films in running water after fixing?

    <p>To remove residual fixer chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken if fresh fixer shows a silver estimation test reading of zero?

    <p>Add a standard concentration of silver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What frequency should hypo retention tests be conducted on the films?

    <p>Weekly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should films be washed after being in the fixer for effective long-term storage?

    <p>20 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes pi marks on film during processing?

    <p>Deposit of dirt or chemicals on a roller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guide-shoe marks on film indicate what issue?

    <p>Misaligned guide shoe causing scratches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic visual indication of chemical fog on film?

    <p>Dull gray appearance with a dichroic stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is crucial before accepting a new processor?

    <p>Verify that installation has been completed as specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a mechanical problem that may affect automatic processors?

    <p>Broken drive belt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause chemical fog during film processing?

    <p>Slow processor failing to remove chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following problems is indicative of roller wear in an automatic film processor?

    <p>Pi marks on the film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular quality control monitoring in automatic processors is essential for what purpose?

    <p>To ensure consistent production of high-quality images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a specific gravity reading outside the range of 1.070 to 1.100 indicate about the developer?

    <p>The developer is either too low or too high in concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the fixer's specific gravity during activity testing?

    <p>The SG should align with manufacturer's recommendations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if the clearing time exceeds 2 minutes?

    <p>The film may not clear properly and further assessment is needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the recommendation of a fixing time that is double the clearing time imply?

    <p>It is a minimum requirement for adequate fixation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the specific gravity of the developer affected by temperature changes?

    <p>It decreases with increasing temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the action if the specific gravity of the developer is too concentrated?

    <p>Add water to dilute the developer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the specific gravity measurement of water being 1.000?

    <p>It serves as a reference point for comparing other solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the specific gravity reading of the fixer is lower than recommended, what action should be taken?

    <p>Add replenisher to increase concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of preventive maintenance in an X-ray machine?

    <p>Preventing unexpected breakdowns and ensuring consistent performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is essential in confirming the quality of a radiographic image?

    <p>Presence of patient markers and correct identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should gonadal shielding be applied according to guidelines?

    <p>When the gonads are within 5 cm of the collimated field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial factor to ensure high-quality radiographic images?

    <p>Adequate image density and contrast for the anatomy of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the sequence in a diagnostic procedure in an X-ray facility?

    <p>Neutron source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the absence of image degradation in a radiographic image imply?

    <p>Well-done film processing and minimal patient motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of image processing significantly affects the quality of X-ray images?

    <p>Temperature control during processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a geometric variable that could affect image quality?

    <p>Positioning of the anatomy in relation to the tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of allowing unprocessed films to come into contact with moisture?

    <p>It creates dark areas on the film.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of artifact is caused by improper positioning during exposure?

    <p>Exposure artifact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that can lead to handling and storage artifacts?

    <p>Static electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should films be handled to avoid bending that may affect the emulsion?

    <p>Films should be clipped or hung firmly on hangers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature range is ideal for storing films to minimize any potential artifacts?

    <p>Between 68°F (20°C) and 72°F (22°C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue caused by warped cassettes during film exposure?

    <p>Uneven film density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can contribute to the generation of processing artifacts?

    <p>Inappropriate processing temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum recommended handling time for unprocessed films to avoid fogging?

    <p>3 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary responsibility of the QA/QC team in a medical radiography department?

    <p>Do periodic film analysis and prepare reports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for planning and establishing a QA/QC program in medical radiography?

    <p>Commitment and support from radiology personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT included in the responsibilities of the QA/QC committee?

    <p>Issuing patient care guidelines for radiographers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the QA/QC program helps categorize radiographs?

    <p>Establishing standards of image quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the periodic film analysis conducted by the QA/QC team?

    <p>To identify causes of radiographic quality issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is necessary for maintaining darkroom processing quality?

    <p>Conducting regular darkroom quality control checks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is performed by the QA/QC team regarding x-ray equipment?

    <p>Conducts periodic quality control tests of x-ray equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included in a room logbook maintained by the QA/QC team?

    <p>All test data on equipment and accessories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done immediately after recording the start time during film development?

    <p>Suspend the test strips in the developer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the purpose of arranging sensitometry strips in numerical order?

    <p>To facilitate the comparison of density levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key indicator that a development time is optimal for a given temperature?

    <p>The strips exhibit maximum density without base fog increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of a densitometer in the sensitometry process?

    <p>To measure optical density of the sensitometric strips.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken after removing the first test strip from the developer?

    <p>Rinse it and then place it in the fixer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for all test strips to be fully immersed in the developer simultaneously?

    <p>To ensure consistent exposure to developer chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic indicates that a sensitometry strip has been optimally developed?

    <p>There is no increase in base fog and high density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a hydrometer during the development process?

    <p>To monitor the specific gravity of the developer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken if the specific gravity reading of the fixer is lower than the manufacturer's recommendation?

    <p>Add a concentrated fixer solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific gravity range for developer solutions?

    <p>1.070 to 1.100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the fixing time exceeds the recommended duration?

    <p>The image may deteriorate and be lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does temperature affect specific gravity measurements?

    <p>Specific gravity decreases with increasing temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the clearing time refer to in the fixing process?

    <p>The time to dissolve unwanted emulsion from the film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of specific gravity testing in film processing?

    <p>To evaluate the concentration of the developer or fixer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if the specific gravity of the developer is higher than recommended?

    <p>Add water to the developer solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of checking specific gravity on a daily basis?

    <p>To confirm the developer and fixer solutions are at optimum concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low specific gravity (SG) reading in fixer imply?

    <p>Excessive dilution of the fixer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken if the silver estimation test shows a concentration greater than 6 g/l?

    <p>Add undiluted fixer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of inadequate washing of films?

    <p>Appearance of brown stains on the film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to test for hypo retention in films?

    <p>Wait for one to two minutes and inspect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should a hydrometer reading be evaluated according to standard procedures?

    <p>Daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal reading range for specific gravity (SG) in fixer solutions?

    <p>1.100 to 1.110</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the silver estimation test help evaluate in fixer solutions?

    <p>Concentration of silver in the fixer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum recommended washing time for films after using fixer?

    <p>20 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of preventive maintenance for X-ray machines?

    <p>Performing regular checks to prevent unexpected breakdowns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is the first in the diagnostic procedure of an X-ray facility?

    <p>X-ray tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition for the use of gonadal shielding during radiographic procedures?

    <p>The gonads are within 5 cm of the collimated field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a standard for ensuring radiographic image quality?

    <p>Ensuring the patient is always immobilized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the appropriate conditions for ensuring proper image density and contrast in radiographic images?

    <p>Chemistry quality during processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of factors are geometric variables in radiographic imaging primarily concerned with?

    <p>The distance between the tube and the film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition contributes to image degradation due to patient motion?

    <p>Improper processing of the film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is critical for the correct identification of anatomical structures on radiographs?

    <p>Inclusion of patient identifiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if the specific gravity reading for the developer is higher than the manufacturer's recommendation?

    <p>Add water to dilute the developer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should films remain in the fixer to ensure they are adequately fixed?

    <p>At least 4 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific gravity range is typical for developer solutions?

    <p>1.070 to 1.100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a specific gravity (SG) reading indicate about the fixer solution?

    <p>It signifies the level of activity of the fixer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of excessive fixing time?

    <p>The image will be completely removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition should a hydrometer be used when testing the developer?

    <p>With the developer floating correctly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of specific gravity in evaluating the dilutions of a solution?

    <p>It measures the relative density compared to water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary responsibility of the QA/QC team in radiology?

    <p>Conduct monthly film analysis and prepare reports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended clearing time for film processing?

    <p>30 seconds to 2 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the QA/QC committee?

    <p>Develop new X-ray equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for establishing a successful QA/QC program in medical radiography?

    <p>Support from radiology personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should film analysis be conducted to ensure radiographic quality?

    <p>Monthly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the criteria for categorizing radiographs according to quality?

    <p>Standards of image quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is required of the QA/QC team regarding darkroom processing?

    <p>Update and revise processing charts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be kept in the logbook maintained by the QA/QC team?

    <p>All test data and changes to equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the QA/QC program planning in radiology?

    <p>Ensuring random patient selections for tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of minimizing the reject rate in radiographic imaging?

    <p>Reducing patient radiation exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is gonadal shielding recommended during radiographic procedures?

    <p>For patients of reproductive age or younger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes an acceptable reject rate for radiographic images?

    <p>5% to 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential problem associated with a reject film analysis program?

    <p>Staff members may not cooperate fully</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the reject rate percentage calculated in film analysis?

    <p>Total Number of Rejects / Total Number of Films Used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT typically involved in setting up a reject film analysis program?

    <p>Choosing the funding source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main goal of evaluating rejected radiographs?

    <p>To identify reasons behind poor image quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to keep reject film records updated?

    <p>To monitor the impact of changes in film processing techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Specific Gravity

    • Used to measure the relative weight of solutions compared to water at 23°C
    • Indicates correct dilution, with a specific gravity of 1.000 for water
    • Developer specific gravity ranges between 1.070 to 1.100
    • Decreases with increasing temperature

    Developer Activity Test

    • Performed daily to ensure developer is within +/- 0.004 of manufacturer’s recommendation
    • Requires a hydrometer and manufacturer’s recommended specific gravity
    • Lower readings indicate over-dilution, while higher readings indicate over-concentration
    • Action: add water if over-concentrated, replenisher or replace if too dilute

    Fixer Activity Test

    • Dissolves unwanted film emulsion and makes the image permanent
    • Clearing time, the time needed for dissolving unwanted emulsion, is typically 30 seconds to 2 minutes
    • Permanent fixing is often twice the clearing time, recommended at least 4 minutes to avoid image deterioration
    • Excessive fixing time will remove the image

    Fixer Activity Using a Hydrometer Test

    • Performed daily
    • Requires a hydrometer and manufacturer's specific gravity recommendation
    • Should be within +/- 0.004
    • High specific gravity indicates insufficient dilution and low specific gravity signifies over-dilution

    Silver Estimation Test

    • Indicates the level of silver concentration in the fixer solution
    • Performed daily to evaluate replenishment adequacy
    • Readings under 2 g/l indicate over-replenishment, while readings above 6 g/l indicate under-replenishment
    • Freshly mixed fixers have a zero reading; action includes adding undiluted fixer to achieve the required level

    Washing

    • Films need to be washed for 20 minutes in running water with hourly exchanges for optimal long-term storage

    Hypo Retention Test

    • Indicates proper washing, with excessive residual thiosulfate leading to brown stains on the film
    • Performed weekly, using hypo retention test fluid and requiring a test strip and radiographs
    • A high level of thiosulfate indicates inadequate washing, requiring adjustment of wash water flow and time
    • Compare color with test strip for evaluation

    Drying

    • Removes moisture, hardens the image, and makes the radiograph durable
    • Important for durability and handling of the radiograph

    Sensitometry Test

    • Evaluates developer activity, using sensitometry strips and a densitometer
    • Strips are exposed to light through filters and then developed, fixed, washed, and dried
    • Compare strips to identify suitable development time for the specific temperature
    • The suitable time maximizes density without increased base fog

    Sensitometer

    • An instrument that exposes a test film to light through a series of filters

    Densitometer

    • Measures optical density of each step in the sensitometric strips

    Radiation Safety Program

    • A radiation safety program is crucial for protecting both personnel and patients.
    • Continuous education and training should be conducted to ensure everyone's safety.

    Preventive Maintenance

    • Preventive maintenance aims to prevent unexpected X-ray machine breakdowns and ensure consistent performance.
    • Regular checks and tasks should be performed to identify and address potential issues before they escalate.
    • This approach contributes to the machine's longevity and reliability.

    Diagnostic Procedure in an X-ray Facility

    • X-ray beam travels through the collimator, patient, grid, and film/screen before reaching the processor for image development.
    • The processor's time, temperature, and chemistry influence the image quality.
    • Patient's anatomy, physiology, and pathology affect the image.
    • Image receptor options include film, screen, or film/screen combinations.
    • Factors affecting radiographic image quality include geometric variables such as TFD/OFD/Distortion and exposure factors such as kVp/mA/Time.
    • Image quality also depends on motion, patient position, tube alignment, room lights, and image receptor sensitivity.

    Radiographic Image Quality Standards

    • Evidence of proper collimation on all sides of the radiograph is required.
    • Gonadal shielding should be used when appropriate.
    • Image density and contrast must be suitable for visualizing the anatomy of interest.
    • Absence of image degradation due to patient motion or artifacts from poor film processing, old screens, etc.
    • Adequate display of the anatomy of interest for the examination.
    • Markers should be present to identify the patient's left and right anatomy, hospital name, patient number, date, x-ray technologist's initials, and cassette number.

    Gonadal Shielding Guidelines

    • Gonadal shielding should be used when:
      • The patient has reasonable reproductive potential.
      • The gonads are within 5 cm of the collimated field.
      • Tight collimation is not possible.

    Film Analysis

    • Subjective evaluation of image quality based on hospital QA/QC standards for good and rejected radiographs.
    • Aims to:
      • Evaluate problems leading to poor image quality and film rejects.
      • Serve as a self-improvement tool for the x-ray facility staff.
      • Establish a management database.

    Reject Rate Formula

    • Reject Rate (%) = Total Number of Rejects / Total Number of Films Used
    • Poor Film (%) = Total Number of Poor Films / Total Number of Films Used
    • Good Quality Film (%) = Total Number of Good Quality Films / Total Number of Films Used
    • Reject rate of 10% or more is unacceptable.
    • Reject rate of 5% to 10% justifies continued monitoring.

    Reject Film Analysis Benefits

    • Identification of main errors and implementation of measures to reduce them.
    • Cost savings by reducing wastage.
    • Minimizing repeat films, thus reducing patient radiation dose.
    • Saving time and effort by reducing repeat films.
    • Providing ongoing data for comparison.
    • Potential source of statistics to support claims for funding equipment replacement, modification, or repair.

    Potential Problems with Reject Film Analysis

    • Staff members may not cooperate fully.
    • Radiologists and clinicians may retain substandard films due to some information they provide.
    • Reject film records may not be kept up-to-date.

    Setting Up a Reject Film Analysis Program

    • Design the program.
    • Determine the period for the program.
    • Nominate starting and finishing dates and times.
    • Inform staff:
      • Why the program is necessary.
      • How it will operate.
      • When it will take place.
      • Who is responsible for the program.
    • Decide on required data.
    • Design data recording sheets.
    • Place reject film boxes in appropriate areas.

    Before Program Starts

    • Count all films in storage by sizes, including unexposed films in cassettes and partially empty boxes.
    • Record this information.
    • Dispose of current reject films

    Data Analysis

    • Overall number of reject films.
    • Number of reject films by size and faults per room or radiographers.
    • Overall cost of rejected films.
    • Identification of common faults.
    • Reject films as a percentage of films used.

    Fixer Activity Using Hydrometer Test

    • Frequency: daily
    • Equipment: hydrometer
    • Method: Place the hydrometer in the fixer and note the reading at the surface.
    • Evaluation:
      • Specific gravity (SG) reading should be within +/- 0.004 of the manufacturer's recommendation.
      • SG should be in the region of 1.110.
      • High SG: not enough dilution
      • Low SG: too much dilution

    Silver Estimation Test

    • Frequency: daily
    • Equipment: silver estimation paper
    • Method: Place paper in fixer and compare with test strip, taking a reading.
    • Evaluation:
      • < 2 g/l: over-replenished

      • 6 g/l: under-replenished

      • Note: Freshly mixed fixer will have a zero reading.
    • Action: At 6 g/l, add undiluted fixer.

    Washing

    • Films should be washed for 20 minutes in running water at a rate of exchanges per hour to ensure long-term storage of radiographs.

    Hypo Retention Test

    • This test indicates adequate or inadequate washing.
    • Excessive residual thiosulfate in film emulsion may lead to a brown stain on the film.

    Hypo Retention Test Details

    • Frequency: Weekly
    • Equipment: Hypo retention test fluid and test strip.
    • Method:
      • Put a drop of test fluid on a radiograph well clear of the image.
      • Wait for 1-2 minutes.
      • Inspect the moistened area.
      • Compare color with test strip.
    • Evaluation: Compare color of moistened area with test strip.
    • Action: Check wash water flow and washing time if color indicates a high level of thiosulfate. Adjust and retest.
    • Radiographs to be tested are necessary.

    Drying

    • Removes moisture, hardens the image, and makes the radiograph durable.

    Film Characteristics

    • Average Gradient: A line drawn between 0.25 and 2.00 density levels on the characteristic curve determines the range of exposure factors within which the resultant radiograph is considered acceptable.
    • Contrast: Number of grey levels between white and black.
      • High contrast: more black and white image, fewer grey levels.
      • Low contrast: more grey levels, useful for chest x-rays.
    • Latitude: Range of exposure techniques.
      • High contrast film: narrow latitude.
      • Low contrast film: wide latitude.
    • Speed: Sensitivity
    • Spectral Matching: Film must be sensitive to the specific light spectrum emitted by the screen.

    Quality Control Program

    • Acceptance testing.
    • Routine performance monitoring.
    • Maintenance.

    Quality Control Performance Tests

    • Focal Spot Measurement or Spatial Resolution Test
    • Collimation (X-ray/Light Field Congruency)
    • kVp Accuracy or kVp Calibration
    • Filtration
    • Exposure Time Accuracy
    • Exposure Reproducibility
    • Exposure Linearity
    • AEC

    Focal Spot or Spatial Resolution Test

    • Focal Spot Blur: Blurred structures on the radiograph caused by degradation of the focal spot.
    • As the tube ages, the anode surface becomes rough, resulting in a larger effective focal spot leading to increased off-focus radiation.

    Focal Spot

    • Target, focus, focal point, or focal track: a region on the anode target where electrons interact to produce x-rays.
    • The actual x-ray source
    • Sizes: small/large
    • Shapes: circular/double banana

    Test Tools to Measure Focal Spot Size or Spatial Resolution

    • Pinhole Camera: Produces an image of the focal spot. This is the most accurate method but extremely difficult and time-consuming to set up.
    • Star Pattern: Easy to use but has significant limitations for focal spot sizes less than 0.3 mm.
    • Slit Camera: An alternative or modified pinhole camera. Standard for measuring effective focal spot size.
    • Line Pair Resolution Tool: An alternating series of metal strips with different separations, directly measuring the spatial resolution of the system.

    Test Limit

    • For focal spots < 0.8 mm, the size should be within +/- 50% of the stated focal spot size.

    QA/QC Team Responsibilities

    • The QA/QC team is responsible for periodic film analysis and generating monthly film analysis reports.
    • The team also establishes radiographic technique charts and reviews them as needed.
    • They establish darkroom processing charts and revise them as necessary.
    • The team conducts quality control tests on X-ray equipment, accessories, and darkroom equipment.
    • They are responsible for keeping a room logbook of all test data, changes and repairs done to the equipment.
    • The team holds all brochures and technical manuals related to the equipment.

    QA/QC Committee Responsibilities

    • The QA/QC Committee meets regularly to discuss film analysis reports, QC test results, other reports and department problems.
    • They decide on corrective actions to be taken, related to the program.
    • The committee keeps minutes of their meetings.

    Planning and Establishing a QA/QC Program

    • Formalization of the groups through a hospital order signed by the chief of the hospital is essential.
    • The program requires:
      • Commitment and support from radiology personnel
      • Establishment of image quality standards
      • Film analysis conducted monthly
      • Darkroom quality control checks
      • Preventive maintenance
      • Standard protocols for performing examinations.

    Evaluation and Action

    • If the density of the uncovered part of the film is greater than the covered part, fogging occurred.
    • Light leaks should be sealed.
    • The test should be repeated.
    • A report should be filed.

    Darkroom Safelight Check

    • Filters should be correct for the light sensitivity of the film being used.
    • The light bulb wattage for a safelight should be 15 watts when facing down.
    • The safelight should be installed at least 130cm above the workbench.
    • There should be no white light leaks.

    Safelight Efficiency Test

    • Test frequency is biannual or annual.
    • The test requires:
      • A 24x30cm cassette with new film
      • Two sheets of 24x30cm card
      • A timing clock or watch with a second hand
      • A 24x30cm sheet of lead or lead rubber.

    Cassette Pass Box Radiation Proof Test

    • Test frequency is yearly, and if needed.
    • The test requires:
      • 3 coins or lead markers
      • Adhesive tapes
      • 1 loaded 35x43cm cassette
    • If fogging occurs enough to see the makers, the test should be repeated.
    • A period when fogging does not occur should be established.

    Developer Temperature and Development Time

    • Development time and temperature affect density, contrast and base fog of a radiograph.
    • Manufacturer’s recommendations should be used.
    • If the recommendations are not available, a test should be used to determine the correct development time and temperature.

    Determining the Best Development Time

    • The test should be conducted as needed.
    • Specific gravity measures the relative weight of a solution compared to water at 23 degrees Celcius.
    • Specific gravity is used to confirm proper dilution.
    • The specific gravity of water is 1.000, developer ranges from 1.070 to 1.100.
    • Specific gravity decreases with increasing temperature.

    Developer Activity Test

    • The test is conducted daily.
    • The SG reading should be within 0.004 of the manufacturer's recommendation.
    • A reading lower than recommended means the developer is over diluted.
    • A reading higher than recommended means the developer is too concentrated.
    • If the developer is too concentrated, water should be added.
    • If too dilute, replenisher should be added or the developer should be replaced.

    Fixer Activity Test

    • The fixer dissolves off unwanted film emulsion, making the image permanent.
    • Fixing temperature and time are important, but not as critical as developer.

    Clearing Time

    • Clearing time is the time it takes to clear the film.
    • It can take 30 seconds, but no more than 2 minutes.
    • The film can be viewed in white light once it has fully cleared.

    Permanent Fixing

    • Permanent fixing should be twice the clearing time.
    • Recommended fixing time is 4 minutes to avoid image deterioration.
    • Films should be removed from the fixer as soon as adequately fixed.
    • Excessive fixing time will remove the image.

    Fixer Activity Test Using a Hydrometer

    • Specific activity of the fixer indicates its level of activity.
    • The SG of the fixer should be in the region of 0.004 according to manufacturer recommendations.

    Fixer Activity Test Using a Hydrometer

    • The test is conducted daily.
    • The SG reading should be within 0.004 of the manufacturer’s recommendation.
    • High SG means not enough dilution.
    • Low SG means too much dilution.

    Silver Estimation Test

    • The silver estimation test indicates the level of silver concentration in the fixer solution.
    • The test helps to evaluate if replenishment is adequate.

    Silver Estimation Test

    • The test is conducted daily.
    • A reading under 2 g/l is over replenished and over 6 g/l is under replenished.
    • Freshly mixed fixer will have a zero reading.
    • If the reading is 6 g/l, undiluted fixer should be added.

    Washing

    • Films should be washed for 20 minutes in running water, at a rate of exchanges an hour, to ensure satisfactory long-term storage of radiographs.

    Hypo Retention Test

    • This test indicates adequate or inadequate washing.
    • An excessive amount of residual thiosulfate in film emulsion may cause a brown stain to appear on the film.

    Hypo Retention Test

    • The test is conducted weekly, or as needed.
    • A drop of test fluid should be placed on the surface of the film, clear of the image.
    • Wait one or two minutes and inspect the moistened area.
    • Compare the color of the moistened area with a test strip
    • If the color indicates a high level of thiosulfate, the wash water flow and washing time should be checked, adjusted, and retested.

    Drying

    • Drying removes all moisture, hardens the image, and makes the radiograph durable.

    Pi Mark Artifact

    • This occurs when a deposit of dirt or chemicals on a portion of a roller makes a dark or positive mark on the film on each revolution.
    • The marks are perpendicular to the direction of film travel through the processor and are spaced at pi or 3.1416 inch intervals.

    Guide-Shoe Marks

    • Guide-shoe marks are caused by the guide shoes that reverse the direction of the film.
    • The marks appear as negative lines parallel to the direction of film travel.
    • This indicates that the guide shoe is misaligned and scratching the film emulsion.

    Chemical Fog

    • Chemical fog occurs when there is improper chemistry in the solution.
    • It has a dull gray appearance, similar to light or radiation fog.
    • The chemical fog is a dichroic stain, which consists of two colors.
    • The stain can appear yellow, green, blue, or purple.
    • Slow processors do not remove chemicals properly, which causes this fog.

    Automatic Processor

    • The automatic processor follows the same basic principles as manual processing, but under automated and controlled conditions.
    • Regular quality control monitoring and maintenance are essential to ensure consistently high-quality images.

    Acceptance Testing of a New Processor

    • The following should be checked before accepting a new processor:
      • Specifications of the installed processor are the same as those ordered.
      • Installation was conducted as stated in the contract.
      • Installation is complete and equipment is working efficiently.
      • All QC tests have been completed and are satisfactory.
      • All accessory equipment supplied is in good working order.
      • The supplied operating manual is correct.

    Automatic Processor Potential Problems

    • The machine can experience both mechanical and electrical potential problems.
    • Mechanical problems include:
      • Broken cog teeth
      • Roller wear or splitting.
    • Electrical problems include:
      • Power failure
      • Drive motor failure.

    Hospital X-Ray Team & Responsibilities

    • The hospital's QA/QC team is responsible for periodic film analysis, monthly film analysis reports, establishing radiographic technique charts, darkroom processing charts, and performing quality control tests on X-ray equipment.
    • The team is also responsible for maintaining the room logbook of test data, all changes and repairs made to equipment, and keeping brochures and technical manuals.
    • The QA/QC committee meets regularly to discuss film analysis reports, QC test results, problems observed in the X-Ray section/department, and deciding on corrective action for the program.
    • Minutes from these meetings are recorded.
    • The creation of these groups within the hospital should be formalized with a hospital order signed by the chief.

    Planning and Establishing QA/QC Programs

    • The program requires commitment and support from radiology personnel.
    • Standards of image quality categorize radiographs as good, poor, or reject.
    • Film analysis is conducted monthly to identify causes and problems of radiographic quality.
    • Standard darkroom techniques are established and quality control checks are conducted to standardize film processing techniques and maintain proper darkroom conditions.
    • Preventive maintenance and quality control checks are performed.
    • Standard protocols are established for different examinations to standardize radiographic techniques.
    • A radiation safety program is in place for personnel and patients.
    • Continuous education and training are provided

    Preventive Maintenance

    • Preventive maintenance involves a systematic approach to maintaining an X-ray machine to prevent unexpected breakdowns and ensure consistent performance.
    • Instead of waiting for a component to fail, preventive maintenance focuses on regular checks and tasks to identify and address potential issues before they escalate.

    Diagnostic Procedure in an X-ray Facility

    • X-rays are created by the X-ray tube, then collimated, pass through the patient, and are detected using a grid, film or screen, and processed to produce a diagnostic image.
    • The image is then analyzed for diagnostic findings.
    • Key factors affecting the image include the processor (time, temperature, chemistry), patient (anatomy, physiology, pathology), and image receptor (film, screen/film contact, quality).
    • Geometric variables like TFD/OFD/Distortion and exposure factors like kVp/mA/Time also affect image quality.

    Radiographic Image Quality Standards

    • Radiographic images need to be properly collimated on all sides, using gonadal shields where appropriate and have appropriate density and contrast for visualization of the anatomy.
    • The image should be free from degradation due to patient motion or artifacts from poor film processing, old screens, etc.
    • The anatomy of interest should be adequately displayed.
    • Markers should identify the patient's left and right anatomy, hospital name, patient number, date, initials of the technologist, and the cassette number appearing in the radiograph.

    Gonadal Shielding

    • Gonadal shielding should be used if the patient has reasonable reproductive potential, when the gonads are within 5 cm of the collimated field, and when tight collimation is not possible.

    Sensitometry Test Procedure & Evaluation

    • Six sensitometry test strips number 1-6 are attached to film clips and suspended in the developer.
    • The strips are submerged in the developer simultaneously and the start time is recorded.
    • The strips are removed, rinsed, and placed in the fixer every 30 seconds until all are in the fixer, then fixed, washed and dried.
    • The strips are arranged on a viewing box in numerical order, with all unexposed steps at the same end.
    • The strips that do not show any base plus fog level increase are identified.
    • The middle density steps are studied and the strips that do not show a density level increase are identified.
    • The most suitable development time is the time that gives maximum density but shows no increase in base fog for the specific temperature used.

    Time-Temperature Development Graph

    • This graph shows the relationship between development time and temperature and is used to determine the optimal development conditions for a specific type of film and developer.

    Sensitometer & Densitometer

    • A sensitometer is an instrument that exposes a test film to light through a series of filters, creating a range of densities on the film.
    • A densitometer measures the optical density (OD) of each step in the sensitometric strips.

    Developer Activity Using Hydrometer Test

    • A hydrometer measures the specific gravity of the developer.
    • Specific gravity measures the relative weight of a solution compared to water at 23°C.
    • Specific gravity measurement checks the correct dilution of the developer.
    • Specific gravity of water is 1.000, and developer ranges from 1.070 to 1.100.
    • Specific gravity decreases with increasing temperature.
    • The SG reading should be within +/- 0.004 of the manufacturer's recommendation.
    • If the reading is lower, the developer is over-diluted.
    • If the reading is higher, the developer is too concentrated.
    • To correct, add water if the developer is too concentrated, and add replenisher or replace the developer if it is too dilute.

    Fixer Activity Test (Clearing Time & Permanent Fixing)

    • The fixer dissolves off all unwanted film emulsion, making the image permanent.
    • Fixing temperature and time are important, but not as critical as developer conditions
    • Clearing Time: The time required for unwanted emulsion to dissolve.
    • Permanent Fixing: This is typically twice the clearing time, and requires at least 4 minutes.

    Fixer Activity Using Hydrometer Test

    • The specific gravity of the fixer indicates its activity level.
    • The SG should be within 0.004 of the manufacturer’s recommendation.

    Correct Handling of Unprocessed Films

    • Handle films only under safe light conditions to avoid fogging.
    • Handling time should be less than 3 minutes to avoid fogging.
    • Keep hands dry when handling films to avoid marking the film.
    • Avoid bending the film to prevent affecting the film emulsion and producing artifacts.
    • Do not allow the film to slide over any surface to avoid static marks.
    • Do not allow the film to come into contact with moisture before entering the developer to prevent premature development.
    • Water or developer will create dark areas while fixer will stop the development process and create clear areas.
    • Do not allow the film to bend as this will affect the film emulsion and produce artifacts.
    • Clip or hang the films firmly on hangers.

    Image Artifacts

    • An artifact is an unwanted density or image on the radiograph.
    • Common sources of artifacts include exposure artifacts (exposure errors), handling and storage artifacts (handling and storage errors), and processing artifacts (processor QC errors).

    Exposure Artifacts

    • Occur during the exposure of the patient, not after the exposure has been made.
    • Exposure artifacts:
      • Improper positioning
      • Incorrect exposure factors (kVp/mA/time)
      • Patient motion
      • Grid cut-off
      • Improper film/screen combination
      • Poor film/screen contact
      • Warped cassettes
      • Lack of patient preparation (jewelry removal, etc.)

    Handling and Storage Artifacts

    • Occur due to improper handling and storage of films.
    • These artifacts include:
      • Light leaks
      • Static
      • Crease marks
      • Fingerprints

    Factors Affecting Film Handling and Storage

    • Handling: Bends, creases, lotion marks
    • Heat: Less than 68°F (20°C)
    • Humidity: 40-60%
    • Light: Complete darkness or safe light
    • Radiation: Less than 0.2 mR to avoid fog
    • Shelf Life: Check expiration date on the box
    • Storage Time: 45 days, rotate stock to ensure freshness
    • Pressure: Store film boxes upright

    Processing Artifacts

    • Occur due to improper processor QC of the transport system.
    • Processing artifacts include:
      • "Pi" marks
      • Guide-shoe marks
      • Chemical stains

    Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) Team

    • The QA/QC Team consists of Radiologists, X-ray Technologists, Physicists, Hospital Maintenance/Engineering personnel, and others.
    • Performs periodic film analysis and creates monthly reports.
    • Establishes and revises radiographic technique charts.
    • Establishes and revises darkroom processing charts.
    • Conducts periodic quality control tests on x-ray equipment, darkroom equipment, and accessories.
    • Maintains logbooks of all test data, changes, and repairs done on equipment and accessories.
    • Keeps all brochures and technical manuals for relevant equipment and accessories.

    QA/QC Committee

    • Meets regularly to discuss film analysis reports, QC test results, other reports, and problems observed in the x-ray department.
    • Decides on corrective actions to implement and addresses other matters related to the QA/QC program.
    • Keeps a record of minutes from meetings.

    Planning & Establishing QA/QC Programs

    • Requires commitment and support from radiology personnel, established image quality standards, monthly film analysis, standard darkroom techniques, preventive maintenance, standardized protocols for examinations, radiation safety program, and continuous education and training.

    Preventive Maintenance

    • Involves a systematic approach to maintaining X-ray machines to prevent unexpected breakdowns and ensure consistent performance.
    • Focuses on regular checks and tasks to identify and address potential issues before they escalate.

    Diagnostic Procedure in an X-Ray Facility

    • X-ray tube produces an X-ray beam which passes through the collimator to the patient.
    • Patient absorbs X-ray energy, and the remaining energy is detected by the image receptor (film/screen) behind a grid.
    • The image receptor is then processed to produce an image for diagnostic interpretation.
    • Factors affecting the image include:
      • Processor: time, temperature, chemistry
      • Patient: anatomy, physiology, pathology
      • Image Receptor: film, screen/film contact
      • Geometric : Target Film Distance/Object Film Distance, distortion
      • Exposure Factors: kVp, mA, time
      • Image Quality: motion, view, patient conditions, tube, room light, viewbox light, interpreter
      • Motion affects image sharpness and clarity, increasing blurring.

    Radiographic Image Quality Standards

    • Evidence of proper collimation on all sides of the radiograph.
    • Evidence of gonadal shielding when appropriate.
    • Image density and contrast appropriate for visualizing the anatomy of interest.
    • Absence of image degradation due to patient motion or artifacts related to poor film processing, old screens, etc.
    • Adequate display of the anatomy of interest for the examination.
    • Markers to identify the patient’s left and right anatomy, hospital name, patient number, date, initials of the x-ray technologist, and cassette number.

    Film analysis

    • A subjective evaluation of image quality based on established standards for good and rejected radiographs.
    • Evaluates the problems leading to poor image quality and film rejects, serves as a self-improvement tool, and provides a management database.

    Reject Rate Formula

    • Reject Rate (% ) = Total Number of Rejects / Total Number of Films Used
    • Poor Film (%) = Total Number of Poor Films / Total Number of Films Used
    • Good Quality Film (%) = Total Number of Good Quality Films / Total Number of Films Used
    • A reject rate of 10% or more is considered unacceptable.
    • A reject rate of 5% to 10% justifies continued monitoring.

    Reject Film Analysis

    • Can be perceived as a threat by radiologic technologists.
    • Transparency is key: clearly communicate why, how, when, and the benefits of the analysis.

    Benefits of Reject Film Analysis

    • Able to identify main errors and implement measures to reduce them, resulting in cost savings by reducing film waste, lower radiation dose for patients, time and effort savings, ongoing data for comparison, and potentially supporting claims for more funding for equipment.

    Potential Problems

    • Staff members may not fully cooperate.
    • Radiologists and clinicians may retain substandard films because they provide some information.
    • Reject film records are not always kept up to date.

    Setting up a Reject Film Analysis Program

    • Designate a program, a time period for the analysis, and a start and end time.

    Darkroom Quality Control

    • Specific Gravity: Measures the relative weight of a solution compared to water at 23 degrees Celsius.
    • Used to determine if the correct dilution is present.
    • Developer Specific Gravity:
      • Water: 1.000
      • Developer: 1.070 to 1.100
      • Decreases with increased temperature
    • Fixer: Dissolves unwanted film emulsion, making the image permanent. Fixing time and temperature are not as critical as developer.
    • Clearing Time: The time it takes to clear the film (dissolve unwanted emulsion), between 30 seconds to 2 minutes.
    • Permanent Fixing:: Twice the clearing time, minimum of 4 minutes, excessive fixing removes the image.

    Developer Activity Using a Hydrometer Test

    • Specific gravity reading should be within +/- 0.004 of the manufacturer’s recommendation.
    • Lower than recommended = over-diluted developer.
    • Higher than recommended = too concentrated developer.

    Fixer Activity Using a Hydrometer

    • Specific gravity reading should be within +/- 0.004 of the manufacturer’s recommendation.
    • High gravity = not enough dilution.
    • Low gravity = too much dilution.

    Silver Estimation Test

    • Indicates the silver concentration level in fixer solution.
    • Helps evaluate if replenishment is adequate.

    Silver Estimation Test

    • Less than 2 g / L = over-replenished
    • Greater than 6 g/L = under-replenished
    • Freshly mixed fixer has a zero reading.

    Washing

    • Films from the fixer should be washed for 20 minutes in running water at a rate of at least one exchange per hour for satisfactory long-term storage.

    Hypo Retention Test

    • Indicates adequate/inadequate washing.
    • Excessive residual thiosulfate in film emulsion may cause a brown stain to appear on the film.

    Drying

    • Removes all moisture, hardens the image, making the radiograph durable.

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    Quality Assurance & Quality Control in Medical Radiography PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential principles of specific gravity and its role in monitoring developer and fixer activity in photography. Understand the significance of specific gravity measurements, how to conduct activity tests, and the impact of concentration levels on image quality. Test your knowledge on proper practices for maintaining photographic solutions.

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