30 Questions
Which type of kinases phophorylate tyrosine residues on target proteins?
Y kinases
How common is tyrosine phosphorylation compared to serine and threonine phosphorylation?
Much less common
What percentage of the genome do tyrosine kinases represent?
0.3%
Which type of pockets in kinases determine specificity based on their depth?
Deep pockets
What distinguishes True receptor tyrosine kinases from Receptors linked to tyrosine kinases?
Presence of extracellular domain
What role do oncogenes play in cancer development?
Cause cancer when mutated
What percentage of cellular proteins are modified by phosphorylation?
30%
What is the primary function of protein phosphatases?
To deactivate protein activity
What is the result of phosphorylation on protein activity?
Switching on or off
What is the role of kinases in phosphorylation?
To phosphorylate proteins
What is phosphorylation crucial for regulating?
Signals for various cellular processes
What is the result of rapid turnover in phosphorylation?
Rapid response to stimuli
What happens when the tight regulatory control of RTKs is lost?
Elevated risk of cancer
How is the insulin receptor (INS-R) activated?
Through phosphorylation of its TK domain
What is the outcome of tyrosine kinase activation in INS-R signaling?
Docking and phosphorylation of pY binding substrates
Which family of RTKs includes EGFR?
EGFR/HER/ERBB family
What action is associated with the HER2/ErbB2 receptor?
Promoting proliferation
What could be a possible consequence of dysregulated EGFR/HER/ERBB signaling?
Elevated risk of cancer
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the extracellular domain in RTKs?
Ligand binding and recognition
What is the primary cause of the high basal kinase activity in mutated or overexpressed RTKs in human cancers?
Gain of ligand-independent dimerization
In the context of RTK activation, what is the primary role of tyrosine residues in intracellular regulatory regions?
Suppression of intrinsic kinase activity
What are the typical ligands responsible for activating RTKs?
Extracellular growth factors and hormones
What is the main outcome of ligand-induced dimerization of RTKs?
Activation of intrinsic kinase domains
Which of the following is NOT a common example of RTK ligands?
cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)
What is the primary mechanism by which tyrosine kinase-linked receptors are activated?
Through the dimerisation of associated non-RTKs
Which of the following is not a substrate of RTKs?
Nuclear proteins such as histones
Which of the following protein-protein interaction domains does not mediate RTK-substrate interactions?
Kinase-like TK Domain
Which of the following is not a common feature of GF/cytokine receptors that lack an intrinsic kinase domain?
They do not require ligand binding for activation
What is the role of the tyrosine kinase domain in RTK activation?
It is responsible for the autophosphorylation and activation of associated non-RTKs
Which of the following is not a type of substrate of RTKs?
Transcription factors such as p53
Test your knowledge on the role of phosphorylation in receptor activation, intracellular protein phosphorylation, signaling pathways activation, and target function activation. Learn how phosphorylation can switch protein activity on or off in different cellular processes.
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