38 Questions
What is the main consequence of Cholera toxin permanently activating adenylyl cyclase?
Increased cAMP production leading to severe diarrhea
Which statement accurately describes calcium ions' concentration inside the cell?
Around 100 nanomolar (nM) and typically low
How do calcium ions influence cellular responses after flowing out of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Activating various proteins
What role does phospholipase C (PLC) play in the signaling cascade related to calcium ions?
Key player in activating cellular responses
How does Cholera toxin interfere with the phosphorylation cascade pathway?
Permanently activates adenylyl cyclase
What is the role of protein kinases in a phosphorylation cascade?
They add a phosphate group to the next kinase in line.
What is the role of phosphatases in signal transduction via a phosphorylation cascade?
They remove the phosphate group, rendering the protein inactive.
How does cAMP act as a second messenger in signal transduction?
It relays the signal from the receptor to downstream proteins.
What happens when a ligand binds to a GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor) in signal transduction?
It activates adenylyl cyclase.
Where does phosphorylation typically occur within proteins in signal transduction?
At Serine or Threonine residues
What molecule does Phospholipase C (PLC) cleave PIP2 into?
Diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP3
In signal transduction, what does IP3 bind to?
A gated channel in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Why do cells have multiple signaling pathways?
To provide specific responses through different pathways
How do diverse pathways help cells in fine-tuning responses?
By providing multiple control points for adjustment
What analogy is used to explain why different signaling pathways allow for specific responses?
A complex dance where each move matters
What is the role of G Protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in signal transduction?
They interact with ligands and trigger a downstream phosphorylation cascade.
How do ligand-gated ion channel receptors differ from G Protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in terms of function?
Ligand-gated ion channels directly open ion channels in response to ligand binding.
Which statement best describes the role of ligand-gated ion channels in cellular processes?
They facilitate the flow of ions across the cell membrane upon ligand binding.
What is the main function of signal transduction via phosphorylation cascade?
Initiating a series of protein modifications to relay a signal within the cell.
How does the specificity of ligand-receptor interactions contribute to effective cellular responses?
By ensuring that only specific cells with particular receptors respond to signals.
What is the role of caffeine in blocking PDEs?
Inhibiting cyclic nucleotide breakdown
How does adrenaline trigger the activation of glycogen phosphorylase?
Through a phosphorylation cascade involving protein kinases
What is the main function of glycogen phosphorylase?
Catalyzing the release of glucose from glycogen
What is the significance of a phosphorylation cascade in signal transduction?
Causing cellular responses through altering protein function
How does caffeine's effect on PDEs relate to cell signaling pathways?
It modulates cyclic nucleotide signaling cascades
What is the primary function of autocrine signaling?
Cells respond to signals they themselves secrete
In endocrine signaling, how do hormones reach their target cells?
Via the circulatory system (blood)
What role does the receptor protein play in signal transduction?
It binds to the signaling protein initiating a response
In signal transduction, what do second messengers like cAMP or IP₃ do?
Participate in a relay of intracellular changes
What analogy best represents the ligand-receptor binding in signal transduction?
A secret handshake between friends
Which type of signaling involves growth factors like fibroblast growth factor (FGF1) acting locally on nearby target cells?
Paracrine Signaling
In cell communication, what is the role of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine (ACh) that zip across synapses?
Transmit electrical signals
How do cells respond when the conductor (external signals) raises the baton in cell signaling?
Cells listen attentively
Which cellular component releases hormones in the process of cell communication?
Endocrine cells
What is the function of stem cells in cell communication?
Await cues for differentiation
Which type of feedback loop in cell signaling keeps the performance in balance?
Negative feedback
What do immune cells do as part of the cellular orchestra in cell communication?
Coordinate defense
In cell signaling, what are neurotransmitters, hormones, and growth factors compared to in the text?
Chemical signals
Explore the concept of signal transduction through a phosphorylation cascade, where protein kinases sequentially add phosphate groups to activate specific proteins. Compare this process to a relay race where each runner passes the baton to the next.
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