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Questions and Answers
What is the role of plasma proteins in binding with Ca2+?
What is the role of plasma proteins in binding with Ca2+?
How much Ca2+ is exchanged between plasma and the stable pool of bone calcium per day?
How much Ca2+ is exchanged between plasma and the stable pool of bone calcium per day?
What regulates the distal tubular reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys?
What regulates the distal tubular reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys?
How much of the filtered Ca2+ in the kidneys is reabsorbed?
How much of the filtered Ca2+ in the kidneys is reabsorbed?
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What is the active form of vitamin D that is also called calcitriol?
What is the active form of vitamin D that is also called calcitriol?
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How is vitamin D3 mainly produced in mammals?
How is vitamin D3 mainly produced in mammals?
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Where does the conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol mainly occur?
Where does the conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol mainly occur?
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Which protein transports vitamin D3 and its hydroxylated derivatives in the plasma?
Which protein transports vitamin D3 and its hydroxylated derivatives in the plasma?
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Which form of calcium is a vital second messenger in the body fluids?
Which form of calcium is a vital second messenger in the body fluids?
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What is the consequence of a decrease in extracellular Ca2+ in vivo?
What is the consequence of a decrease in extracellular Ca2+ in vivo?
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Why is it important to know the plasma protein level when evaluating total plasma calcium?
Why is it important to know the plasma protein level when evaluating total plasma calcium?
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How do symptoms of tetany vary with changes in total calcium levels?
How do symptoms of tetany vary with changes in total calcium levels?
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Which compounds in the body contain phosphate?
Which compounds in the body contain phosphate?
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Where is 85-90% of the total body phosphorus found?
Where is 85-90% of the total body phosphorus found?
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How much phosphorus normally enters bone per kg per day?
How much phosphorus normally enters bone per kg per day?
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What is the main site of Pi reabsorption in the kidney involving sodium-dependent Pi cotransporters?
What is the main site of Pi reabsorption in the kidney involving sodium-dependent Pi cotransporters?
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What is the primary action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis?
What is the primary action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis?
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Which hormone is derived from vitamin D and plays a significant role in calcium homeostasis?
Which hormone is derived from vitamin D and plays a significant role in calcium homeostasis?
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What is the main function of calcitonin in calcium metabolism?
What is the main function of calcitonin in calcium metabolism?
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Which organs or tissues respond to changes in extracellular calcium concentrations by mobilizing, excreting, or taking up calcium?
Which organs or tissues respond to changes in extracellular calcium concentrations by mobilizing, excreting, or taking up calcium?
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What stimulates calcitonin secretion in the body?
What stimulates calcitonin secretion in the body?
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Where are the receptors for calcitonin found in the body?
Where are the receptors for calcitonin found in the body?
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What is the primary source of calcitonin in mammals?
What is the primary source of calcitonin in mammals?
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In which syndrome is the plasma calcitonin level elevated?
In which syndrome is the plasma calcitonin level elevated?
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What is the primary function of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins in the body?
What is the primary function of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins in the body?
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Where is the majority of filtered Pi reabsorbed in the kidneys?
Where is the majority of filtered Pi reabsorbed in the kidneys?
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What happens to NaPi-IIa when it is inhibited by PTH?
What happens to NaPi-IIa when it is inhibited by PTH?
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Which process is stimulated by many factors that also increase Ca2+ absorption?
Which process is stimulated by many factors that also increase Ca2+ absorption?
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Which cells are responsible for bone formation?
Which cells are responsible for bone formation?
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What contributes to the differentiation of osteoblasts?
What contributes to the differentiation of osteoblasts?
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How do osteoclasts attach to bone?
How do osteoclasts attach to bone?
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What is the function of the periosteum?
What is the function of the periosteum?
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What happens to the cartilage cells at the end of long bone growth during epiphysial closure?
What happens to the cartilage cells at the end of long bone growth during epiphysial closure?
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Which hormone has the most significant impact on the width of the epiphysial plate?
Which hormone has the most significant impact on the width of the epiphysial plate?
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What leads to the closure of the epiphyses in bones?
What leads to the closure of the epiphyses in bones?
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How is the 'bone age' of a young individual typically determined?
How is the 'bone age' of a young individual typically determined?
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Which hormone is responsible for orderly temporal sequence closure of the epiphyses after puberty?
Which hormone is responsible for orderly temporal sequence closure of the epiphyses after puberty?
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What is the primary function of the periosteum in relation to bone structure?
What is the primary function of the periosteum in relation to bone structure?
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How does linear bone growth continue until epiphysial closure?
How does linear bone growth continue until epiphysial closure?
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What is the role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in bone development and maturation?
What is the role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in bone development and maturation?
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What is determined by radiographing a young individual's skeleton in relation to bone health?
What is determined by radiographing a young individual's skeleton in relation to bone health?
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Proton pumps acidify the area to approximately pH 7.0.
Proton pumps acidify the area to approximately pH 7.0.
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Pyridinolines can be measured in the urine as an index of bone resorption rate.
Pyridinolines can be measured in the urine as an index of bone resorption rate.
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Bone turnover rate is higher in infants than in adults.
Bone turnover rate is higher in infants than in adults.
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Bone remodeling involves the deposition of new bone by osteoclasts.
Bone remodeling involves the deposition of new bone by osteoclasts.
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Modeling drifts involve changes in bone shapes due to bone resorption and addition in different locations.
Modeling drifts involve changes in bone shapes due to bone resorption and addition in different locations.
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Osteoblasts break down collagen during bone remodeling.
Osteoblasts break down collagen during bone remodeling.
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The primary function of pyridinolines is to acidify the bone matrix.
The primary function of pyridinolines is to acidify the bone matrix.
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Bone resorption rate decreases with age.
Bone resorption rate decreases with age.
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Bone-remodeling units involve only osteoblasts working in isolation.
Bone-remodeling units involve only osteoblasts working in isolation.
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Osteoclasts resorb bone primarily by forming shallow depressions in the bone.
Osteoclasts resorb bone primarily by forming shallow depressions in the bone.
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