Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the most common range of carbon atoms in fatty acids?
What is the most common range of carbon atoms in fatty acids?
How are the double bonds in fatty acids typically arranged?
How are the double bonds in fatty acids typically arranged?
How is the position of a double bond in a fatty acid designated?
How is the position of a double bond in a fatty acid designated?
What is the structure of Oleic Acid?
What is the structure of Oleic Acid?
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What is the general structure of common polyunsaturated fatty acids?
What is the general structure of common polyunsaturated fatty acids?
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What is the term used for fatty acids that are not part of an ester or amide?
What is the term used for fatty acids that are not part of an ester or amide?
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What is the pKa of fatty acids due to the carboxyl group?
What is the pKa of fatty acids due to the carboxyl group?
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What nomenclature is used to designate the position of the double bond farthest from the carboxyl group in fatty acids?
What nomenclature is used to designate the position of the double bond farthest from the carboxyl group in fatty acids?
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What type of bonds lead to kinks in the carbon chain of fatty acids?
What type of bonds lead to kinks in the carbon chain of fatty acids?
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At what pH are fatty acids ionized?
At what pH are fatty acids ionized?
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What is the structure of micelles?
What is the structure of micelles?
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What is the composition of glycerophospholipids?
What is the composition of glycerophospholipids?
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Which lipids are important in signaling cascades?
Which lipids are important in signaling cascades?
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Where are phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine mainly found?
Where are phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine mainly found?
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What do vesicles contain?
What do vesicles contain?
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What is the orientation of hydrophobic tails within a micelle?
What is the orientation of hydrophobic tails within a micelle?
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What results in the formation of micelles?
What results in the formation of micelles?
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What is the property of all amphipathic molecules related to micelle formation?
What is the property of all amphipathic molecules related to micelle formation?
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Why are fatty acids stored as neutral lipids?
Why are fatty acids stored as neutral lipids?
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What defines a saturated fat?
What defines a saturated fat?
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Which type of fatty acids prevent molecules from packing tightly together, resulting in a liquid state at room temperature?
Which type of fatty acids prevent molecules from packing tightly together, resulting in a liquid state at room temperature?
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What process is often used to convert some unsaturated fatty acids into saturated ones in vegetable oils?
What process is often used to convert some unsaturated fatty acids into saturated ones in vegetable oils?
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Which type of neutral lipid is produced and secreted by organisms as protective coatings to provide waterproofing and prevent desiccation?
Which type of neutral lipid is produced and secreted by organisms as protective coatings to provide waterproofing and prevent desiccation?
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What is the main storage form of cholesterol in the body?
What is the main storage form of cholesterol in the body?
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What is the main structural component of membranes and considered a polar lipid?
What is the main structural component of membranes and considered a polar lipid?
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Which type of fatty acids prevent molecules from packing tightly together, resulting in a liquid state at room temperature?
Which type of fatty acids prevent molecules from packing tightly together, resulting in a liquid state at room temperature?
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What process is often used to convert some unsaturated fatty acids into saturated ones in vegetable oils?
What process is often used to convert some unsaturated fatty acids into saturated ones in vegetable oils?
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Which type of neutral lipid is produced and secreted by organisms as protective coatings to provide waterproofing and prevent desiccation?
Which type of neutral lipid is produced and secreted by organisms as protective coatings to provide waterproofing and prevent desiccation?
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What is the main storage form of cholesterol in the body?
What is the main storage form of cholesterol in the body?
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What is the main structural component of membranes and considered a polar lipid?
What is the main structural component of membranes and considered a polar lipid?
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What is the critical micellar concentration (CMC)?
What is the critical micellar concentration (CMC)?
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What is the overall entropy change during micelle formation?
What is the overall entropy change during micelle formation?
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What is the defining characteristic of neutral lipids?
What is the defining characteristic of neutral lipids?
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What determines whether an amphipathic molecule will partition into membranes or form micelles?
What determines whether an amphipathic molecule will partition into membranes or form micelles?
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What characterizes polyunsaturated fats?
What characterizes polyunsaturated fats?
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Study Notes
Phospholipid Structures and Composition
- Phospholipids can form micelles, lipid bilayers, monolayers, or vesicles depending on their structure and geometry
- Micelles consist of lipids arranged in a sphere with hydrophilic groups pointing outward and hydrophobic groups meeting at the center
- In a bilayer, lipids are arranged in a plane with hydrophobic groups pointing outward on both ends and towards each other in the middle
- Vesicles are similar to spherical bilayers, containing an aqueous core
- Glycerophospholipids have two fatty acyl chains and a phosphoalcohol esterified to a glycerol backbone
- Phosphate is connected to an alcohol through a phosphoester linkage in glycerophospholipids
- Phospholipids can have different head groups, acyl chain types, and number of acyl chains, leading to structural variations
- Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol are important in signaling cascades
- Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine are the main lipids in cell membranes
- Plasma membrane, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum have varying lipid compositions
- The lipid composition of a membrane varies between cell types and organelles
- Membrane lipid compositions are depicted in three pie charts, showing differences in lipid percentages
Micelle Formation and Neutral Lipids
- Micelles have hydrophobic tails oriented toward the core and hydrophilic head groups oriented toward the solvent, maximizing interaction with water while shielding the tails.
- Micelle formation results in an apparent gain of organization and loss of entropy, but the overall entropy change is positive due to liberated water molecules.
- The free energy (ΔG) of micelle assembly is negative, making the process spontaneous, illustrating the hydrophobic effect.
- A 3-part figure illustrates the micelle structure, amphipathic molecule hydrogen bonding, and micelle surrounded by water molecules.
- The critical micellar concentration (CMC) is the concentration at which micelles form and varies for different amphipathic molecules.
- Below the CMC, amphipathic molecules partition into membranes; above it, membranes begin to dissolve.
- Fatty acids are stored as neutral lipids, lacking charged groups, esterified to glycerol or cholesterol.
- Monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol are formed by esterifying fatty acids to glycerol.
- A 2-part figure shows the structures of monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triacylglycerols, including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats.
- Saturated fats contain only saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fats have a single double bond, and polyunsaturated fats have multiple double bonds.
- The structures of monoglycerides and diglycerides are displayed in Part A, and the different triacylglycerol structures are shown in Part B.
- Glycerides containing saturated fatty acids are called saturated fats, those with at least one fatty acid with a single double bond are termed monounsaturated fats, and those with multiple double bonds are known as polyunsaturated fats.
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Description
Test your knowledge of phospholipid structures and composition with this quiz. Explore the different forms phospholipids can take and learn about their varying structures, head groups, and roles in cell membranes and signaling cascades.
