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In phonology, what is the study of similarities and differences across languages called?
In phonology, what is the study of similarities and differences across languages called?
When focusing on a specific language, what is a key question regarding its features?
When focusing on a specific language, what is a key question regarding its features?
What do we determine when comparing one or two languages phonologically?
What do we determine when comparing one or two languages phonologically?
How many possible language types arise when considering the contrastive nature of voicing and aspiration?
How many possible language types arise when considering the contrastive nature of voicing and aspiration?
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How many of the possible language types (based on voicing and aspiration) are actually found in the languages of the world?
How many of the possible language types (based on voicing and aspiration) are actually found in the languages of the world?
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Which phonological features are used as illustrative examples of contrast in the text?
Which phonological features are used as illustrative examples of contrast in the text?
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What is the outcome when both voicing and aspiration are contrastive in a language, according to the text?
What is the outcome when both voicing and aspiration are contrastive in a language, according to the text?
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What does the text suggest about the relationship between features in a language?
What does the text suggest about the relationship between features in a language?
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According to the provided analogy, what determines the different states of water (ice, water, vapour)?
According to the provided analogy, what determines the different states of water (ice, water, vapour)?
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In the context of allophones, what is a key observation about their distribution?
In the context of allophones, what is a key observation about their distribution?
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Using the water analogy, how is the 'default' realization of a phoneme determined?
Using the water analogy, how is the 'default' realization of a phoneme determined?
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What does the provided content primarily use the water analogy to illustrate?
What does the provided content primarily use the water analogy to illustrate?
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When writing a phonological rule by studying distributions, which sound is most likely to be considered the 'default' realization?
When writing a phonological rule by studying distributions, which sound is most likely to be considered the 'default' realization?
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Where would you not expect to find ice, water, and vapour at the same time?
Where would you not expect to find ice, water, and vapour at the same time?
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If a sound has multiple allophones, what can be said about their phonetic distribution?
If a sound has multiple allophones, what can be said about their phonetic distribution?
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Given the explanation, what is a feature that allophones and states of water share?
Given the explanation, what is a feature that allophones and states of water share?
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In chemistry, how would a chemist represent water when writing a rule?
In chemistry, how would a chemist represent water when writing a rule?
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What is analogous to describing sounds using features rather than segments?
What is analogous to describing sounds using features rather than segments?
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What are features that are inherently part of certain segments called in phonology?
What are features that are inherently part of certain segments called in phonology?
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According to the provided rules, what is the unmarked state for an obstruent?
According to the provided rules, what is the unmarked state for an obstruent?
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Which of the following is an example of a redundant feature given in the text?
Which of the following is an example of a redundant feature given in the text?
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What is considered the unmarked value for a sonorant?
What is considered the unmarked value for a sonorant?
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Why are some features of a person typically not included in a description, according to the analogy used in the text?
Why are some features of a person typically not included in a description, according to the analogy used in the text?
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Describing a vowel as [+voice] is similar to what?
Describing a vowel as [+voice] is similar to what?
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What feature value is typically assigned to a vowel in its unmarked state?
What feature value is typically assigned to a vowel in its unmarked state?
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According to the given rules, a marked feature is often the result of what?
According to the given rules, a marked feature is often the result of what?
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In the context of the text what would make a vowel, glide, nasal, or liquid unique?
In the context of the text what would make a vowel, glide, nasal, or liquid unique?
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What does the loss of natural voicing in a segment represent, in the context of this text?
What does the loss of natural voicing in a segment represent, in the context of this text?
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Which of the following is NOT a rule for unmarked states, as presented in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a rule for unmarked states, as presented in the content?
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What is an allophone?
What is an allophone?
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What is the relationship between phonological rules and phonological processes?
What is the relationship between phonological rules and phonological processes?
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What is a key characteristic of the rules assigning unmarked values in Universal Grammar, as presented in the content?
What is a key characteristic of the rules assigning unmarked values in Universal Grammar, as presented in the content?
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According to the provided data, under what circumstances does the English plural suffix surface as a voiced [z]?
According to the provided data, under what circumstances does the English plural suffix surface as a voiced [z]?
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What is the primary process illustrated by the alternation between [-s] and [-z] in the English plural suffix?
What is the primary process illustrated by the alternation between [-s] and [-z] in the English plural suffix?
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In the provided examples, what phonetic feature primarily determines whether the English plural suffix is realized as [s] or [z]?
In the provided examples, what phonetic feature primarily determines whether the English plural suffix is realized as [s] or [z]?
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The suffix [-əz] as seen in words like dʒʌdʒ-əz is described as:
The suffix [-əz] as seen in words like dʒʌdʒ-əz is described as:
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What is the underlying process that causes assimilation according to the text?
What is the underlying process that causes assimilation according to the text?
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Based on the data, what category of sounds primarily occur before the [-s] allomorph of the plural suffix?
Based on the data, what category of sounds primarily occur before the [-s] allomorph of the plural suffix?
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In the context of the data provided, what is the main purpose of analyzing the different surface forms of the plural and third-person singular suffixes?
In the context of the data provided, what is the main purpose of analyzing the different surface forms of the plural and third-person singular suffixes?
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Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the sounds [s] and [z] in the context of plural and third-person singular suffixes in the text?
Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the sounds [s] and [z] in the context of plural and third-person singular suffixes in the text?
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What is the key difference in the representation of ētō between linear segmental phonology and autosegmental phonology?
What is the key difference in the representation of ētō between linear segmental phonology and autosegmental phonology?
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In the context of ētō, what is the primary reason that final lowering does not apply?
In the context of ētō, what is the primary reason that final lowering does not apply?
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When ɸēɸlē follows ētō, why does the first M of ɸēɸlē become H?
When ɸēɸlē follows ētō, why does the first M of ɸēɸlē become H?
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When mè follows ētō, why does the L tone of mè change to a falling tone?
When mè follows ētō, why does the L tone of mè change to a falling tone?
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When mēgbé follows ētō, why does the M in mēgbé become SH?
When mēgbé follows ētō, why does the M in mēgbé become SH?
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What does the example of ētō, mēgbé and ɸēɸlē demonstrate in terms of linguistic theory?
What does the example of ētō, mēgbé and ɸēɸlē demonstrate in terms of linguistic theory?
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In autosegmental phonology, how is the floating tone of ētō represented?
In autosegmental phonology, how is the floating tone of ētō represented?
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What would be the main disadvantage of not accounting for floating tones in phonology?
What would be the main disadvantage of not accounting for floating tones in phonology?
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Study Notes
Phonological Processes: Assimilation
- Assimilation is a process where a sound becomes more like a neighboring sound.
- The sound that causes the change is the trigger and the sound affected is the target.
- Assimilation can be progressive (target sound changes to become more like the following sound), or regressive (target sound changes to become more like the preceding sound).
- Assimilation can involve different phonetic features (place, manner, voicing).
- The domain of assimilation can be a syllable, a word, or a phrase.
Phonological Processes: Harmony
- Harmony: A type of assimilation where non-adjacent sounds share a feature.
- Trigger and target sounds may not be adjacent.
- The harmonic feature is the shared feature between trigger and target sounds
- The domain of harmony can be a root or a whole word.
- Harmony can be root-controlled or dominant-recessive, affecting both vowels and consonants.
Additional Phonological Processes
- Insertion/Epenthesis: adding a sound
- Deletion: removing a sound
- Coarticulation: a phonological process that takes place when two sounds are adjacent in an utterance with the articulatory gesture of one sound potentially affecting the pronunciation of an adjacent sound. This is usually unintentional and not seen as a formal phenomenon within the terms of the study of linguistics, but is nonetheless considered an important concept.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in phonology, focusing on the similarities and differences across languages. Participants will examine questions about phonological features, the contrastive nature of voicing and aspiration, and the relationship between language features. Test your understanding of the fundamental elements that shape phonological systems in various languages.
