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Questions and Answers
What does phonological awareness refer to?
What does phonological awareness refer to?
Define grapheme.
Define grapheme.
A grapheme is a letter or group of letters representing a sound in written language.
What is the term for words that sound the same but have different meanings, like 'bat' and 'bat'?
What is the term for words that sound the same but have different meanings, like 'bat' and 'bat'?
Homographs
Decodable words are instantly recognized without sounding them out.
Decodable words are instantly recognized without sounding them out.
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Match the following syllable types with their descriptions:
Match the following syllable types with their descriptions:
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Define 'Epic' poem.
Define 'Epic' poem.
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Which components make up a Haiku poem?
Which components make up a Haiku poem?
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Match the part of a poem with its description:
Match the part of a poem with its description:
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What is the Cueing system in reading?
What is the Cueing system in reading?
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Bloom's Taxonomy places 'Remembering' at the highest level of cognition.
Bloom's Taxonomy places 'Remembering' at the highest level of cognition.
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Which of the following pairs is correctly matched with their usage?
Which of the following pairs is correctly matched with their usage?
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What is the difference between 'then' and 'than'?
What is the difference between 'then' and 'than'?
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Compound Sentence consists of two or more ____________ and a coordinating conjunction.
Compound Sentence consists of two or more ____________ and a coordinating conjunction.
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A complex sentence contains an independent and a dependent clause.
A complex sentence contains an independent and a dependent clause.
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Match the following sentence types with their descriptions:
Match the following sentence types with their descriptions:
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What is the required reading accuracy for instructional level according to the text-leveling system?
What is the required reading accuracy for instructional level according to the text-leveling system?
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Opinion/argumentative writing primarily aims to inform or explain.
Opinion/argumentative writing primarily aims to inform or explain.
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Give an example of a nonfiction text type mentioned in the content.
Give an example of a nonfiction text type mentioned in the content.
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A legend is a story that was once true but has been exaggerated through ________ human action.
A legend is a story that was once true but has been exaggerated through ________ human action.
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Match the following types of writing with their descriptions:
Match the following types of writing with their descriptions:
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What is the function of a pronoun?
What is the function of a pronoun?
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Study Notes
Phonological Awareness
- Ability to manipulate words orally, breaking them down into sounds, syllables, and parts
- Examples: identifying and making oral rhymes, clapping out the number of syllables in a word, recognizing words with the same initial sound, and dividing and manipulating words
Phonemic Awareness
- Understanding individual sounds in words
- Example: recognizing the "k" sound in "kite" and "key"
Blending, Substitution, and Segmentation
- Blending: combining sounds to form a word (e.g., /m/ /a/ /t/ = mat)
- Substitution: replacing a letter to form a new word (e.g., changing "p" in "pat" to "th" to get "that")
- Segmentation: breaking down a word into individual sounds (e.g., bat = /b/ /a/ /t/)
Other Key Concepts
- Phoneme: individual sound in a word
- Syllable: breaking down a word into its separate sounds (e.g., water = wa-ter)
- Onset and Rime: beginning consonant and vowel sound in a word (e.g., bl-ock)
- Phoneme Segmentation: breaking down a word into its separate sounds
- Selection: taking away a sound (e.g., taking away "m" from "mat" to get "at")
- Morphology: study of words and their forms
- Morphemes: small units of language that can't be subdivided (e.g., "writing" and "'ology")
- Grapheme: letter or group of letters representing a sound in written language
Types of Graphemes
- Doublets: two of the same letter to spell a consonant phoneme (e.g., ff, ll, ss, zz)
- Digraphs: two-letter combinations that create one phoneme (e.g., th, sh, ch, wh, ph, ng, gh, ck)
- Trigraphs: three-letter combinations that create one phoneme (e.g., tch, dge)
Homonyms
- Homographs: words with the same spelling but different meanings (e.g., bat and bat)
- Homophones: words with the same sound but different meanings (e.g., two, to, and their)
Other Important Concepts
- Fluency: ability to read a text accurately with expression and understanding
- Strategies to improve fluency: modeling, repeated readings, choral reading, running records, and miscue analysis
- Stages of Language Acquisition for ELLs: entering, beginning, developing, expanding, and bridging
- English Language Learners Strategies: teaching essential vocabulary, cognates, explicit teaching, focused practice, visual and written supports, and collaborative group work
- Syllable types: closed, open, vowel-consonant-silent e, and r-controlled
- Key Details in Literary Text: key details, moral, theme, central ideas, citing textual evidence, and inferences
- Graphic Organizers: story maps, Venn diagrams, and main idea and details
- Plot of a Literary Text: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution
- Figurative Language: simile, imagery, metaphor, personification, onomatopoeia, hyperbole, idioms, and alliteration
- Poems: narrative, epic, haiku, limerick, and sonnet
- Parts of a Poem: stanza, meter, foot, couplet, and acrostic### Language Acquisition Theories
- Skinner's Behaviorism: Language acquisition is based on environmental factors, and children learn new vocabulary quickly when it's embedded in meaningful contexts. Positive reinforcement helps children understand the value of words and phrases.
- Noam Chomsky's Universal Grammar: All humans share an underlying linguistic structure, regardless of sociocultural differences. This theory argues that children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.
Learning Theories
- Constructivism: Children learn best in a community of practice, involved in relevant activities. Learning is individualized, active, and based on personal experiences.
- Piaget's Cognitive Development: Children develop schemas (categories of knowledge) to understand the world. Cognitive equilibration occurs when new information challenges existing schemas, leading to accommodation and the construction of new schemas.
Socio-Cultural Theory
- Vygotsky: Children learn more and do more collaboratively, working within their zone of proximal development. Scaffolding and fading help students achieve learning goals, reducing negative emotions and self-perceptions.
Human Motivation and Development
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: People have different levels of needs, including physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
- Erikson's Psychosocial Theory: Each stage of development is marked by a conflict between competing attitudes, including trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, and more.
Domains of Learning
- Cognitive: Development of mental skills, such as reasoning and thinking, essential for all other domains.
- Language and Communication: Development of communication skills, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
- Emotional and Social: Development of social interaction skills, including relationships, behaviors, and emotional regulation.
- Physical: Development of physical skills, including fine and gross motor skills.
- Adaptive Behavior: Development of self-regulation and independence.
Reading and Writing
- Cueing System: Practices that aid in determining the meaning of unknown words, including syntactic, semantic, and orthographic cueing.
- Comprehension: When students form mental images and understand what they're reading.
- Critical Thinking: Applying concepts to extract meaning from text, using Bloom's verbs (analyze, evaluate, create, apply).
- Metacognition: Thinking about thinking, including predicting, questioning, read aloud/think aloud, and summarizing.
Text Structure and Features
- Drama: Stories that can be acted out, including playwright, dialogue, stage directions, and cast of characters.
- Text Features: Structural elements, such as headings, glossaries, indexes, sidebars, and hyperlinks, that aid in comprehension.
- Structure of Informational Text: Organizational patterns, including chronological, cause/effect, and problem/solution.
Writing and Writing Development
- Writing Process: Pre-writing, drafting, peer review, revising, editing, rewriting, and publishing.
- Text Types: Informational, literary, and persuasive texts.
- Genres of Writing: Fiction, nonfiction, folklore, and drama.
- Stages of Writing Development: Preliterate, emergent, transitional, and fluent stages.
Other Key Concepts
- Bloom's Taxonomy: Defining the different levels of human cognition, including remembering, understanding, evaluating, analyzing, and creating.
- Measure of Text Complexity: Qualitative, quantitative, and reader/task-based measures.
- Text-Leveling System: A system to implement reading strategies to meet student needs.
- MLA Citation: A format for citing sources, including authors, titles, cities, publishers, and years.
- Resources: Primary, secondary, reliable, and unreliable sources.
- Paraphrasing and Plagiarizing: Restating text in another form, and passing off others' work as one's own, respectively.### Parts of Speech
- Verbs:
- Linking: connects subject to subject complement (e.g., "The dog is cute")
- Transitive: takes an object (e.g., "raise" means to lift something)
- Intransitive: doesn't take an object, has "I" as the 2nd letter (e.g., "lie" means to recline)
Types of Pronouns
- Personal: acts as subject or object (e.g., "She received a letter")
- Possessive: indicates possession (e.g., "My coat is red")
- Reflexive/Intensive: intensifies a noun or reflects back upon a noun (e.g., "I made myself dessert")
- Relative: begins dependent clauses (e.g., "Charlie, who made the clocks, works in the basement")
- Demonstrative: draws attention to someone or something
- Interrogative: the 5 whys (who, what, where, when, why, and how)
Sentence Structure
- Fragment: any group of words that doesn't complete a sentence
- Run-on: multiple sentences in a row lacking clear grammatical structure and punctuation
- Simple sentence: contains a subject and predicate, expresses a complete thought
- Compound sentence: two or more independent clauses and a coordinating conjunction
- Complex sentence: independent and dependent clause, dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction
Sentence Types
- Declarative: tells about something, ends with a period
- Interrogative: asks a question, ends with a question mark
- Imperative: tells someone to do something, ends with a period
- Exclamatory: expresses strong feelings, ends with an exclamation mark
- Irony: expresses one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, often humorous or empathetic
- Foreshadow: author uses clues or imagery to hint at what might happen next
Literary Devices
- Assonance: repetition of vowel sounds
- Oxymoron: contradictory terms appear side by side
- Euphemism: milder word or expression replaces harsh words with less harsh words
Vocabulary
- Tier I: used in everyday speech, learned in conversation, often referred to as sight words
- Tier II: high-frequency words, common in writing, enhance comprehension
- Tier III: low-frequency words, specific to a domain, learned within content of a lesson or subject matter
Teaching Strategies
- Jigsaw: students learn specific parts of a topic, then share with their group
- Think-Pair-Share: students work together to solve a problem, then share ideas
- Reading Response Journals: students journal how they react to what they read
- Literature Circle: small groups discuss a piece of literature in depth
- Round Robin: students share responses to a question in a group
- Reciprocal Teaching: students take turns being the teacher, asking questions and discussing a passage
- Fishbowl: students discuss a topic while other students listen and observe
- Active Listening: verbal and non-verbal signals, including verbal cues, facial expressions, and body language
Punctuation
- Colon: shows relationship between two clauses, highlights information in the second clause
- Semi-Colon: shows general relationship between two independent clauses
- Apostrophe: shows possession
- Parentheses: encloses additional information
- Bracket: encloses added words to a quotation, adds information within parentheses
- Ellipses: indicates information removed from a quote, missing line of poetry, or creates a reflective pause
Reading and Writing
- Best way to show children the relationship between printed letters and meaning is to model reading
- Students learn reading processes by imitating their teachers
- Scaffolding: tailored to the needs of the student, helps achieve learning goals, reduces frustration
- Hyperlexia: above-normal ability to read, but lower ability in verbal communication and social interactions
Assessments
- Diagnostic: pre-assessment
- Formative: informal, ongoing, informative
- Summative: end of learning, outcomes
- Criterion-referenced: standards-based
- Norm-referenced: percentile, comparing
- Screening: placement
- Cloze Test: evaluates students' understanding of context and vocabulary
Developmental Stages of Writing
- Preconventional (3-5): aware of print, recognizes shapes and letters
- Emerging (4-6): uses pictures, labels objects, matches letters to sounds
- Developing (5-7): writes sentences, attempts to use punctuation and capitalization
- Beginning (6-8): writes several related sentences, uses word spacing, punctuation, and capitalization
- Expanding (7-9): organizes sentences logically, uses complex sentence structure
- Bridging (8-10): writes about a topic with a begin, middle, and end
- Fluent (9-11): writes well-developed fiction and nonfiction, edits for punctuation, spelling, and grammar
- Proficient (10-13): writes in different genres, develops a personal voice
- Connecting (11-14): writes in multiple genres, uses complex punctuation, revises writing through multiple drafts
- Independent (13+): explores topics in-depth, incorporates literary devices
Stages of Spelling Development
- Precommunicative: strings of letters together
- Semiphonetic: writes one or more letters to represent every word, doesn't include vowels
- Phonetic: includes vowels, uses a letter or group of letters to represent every speech sound
- Transitional: moves from dependence on sound, understands common letter patterns in words
- Conventional: demonstrates competence in spelling words, uses typical phonic patterns
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Description
Test your understanding of phonological awareness, including breaking down words into sounds, syllables, and parts, and creating rhymes. Students who have phonological awareness can identify and make oral rhymes, clap out syllables, and recognize words with the same initial sound.
