PHL-2172 Pathophysiology Week 2

Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the Alarm Stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

The body is able to effectively cope with the stressor.

The body mobilizes resources to overcome a sustained challenge.

A stage where individual symptoms are localized.

An emergency reaction that includes fight-or-flight response. (correct)

What happens during the Exhaustion Stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

The body successfully adapts and overcomes stress.

Adaptation is not successful, leading to the onset of diseases. (correct)

The individual mobilizes resources to effectively manage stress.

There is a stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

Which of the following statements accurately differentiates between General Adaptation Syndrome and Local Adaptation Syndrome?

Local Adaptation Syndrome involves a broader systemic response, while General Adaptation Syndrome is more localized.

General Adaptation Syndrome is a localized response, while Local Adaptation Syndrome is systemic.

Both syndromes represent systematic manifestations of stress.

General Adaptation Syndrome is systemic while Local Adaptation Syndrome is localized. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a component of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Recovery Stage Signup and view all the answers

What role does stress play in individual behaviors according to the discussed concepts?

Stress contributes to negative behaviors such as smoking. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes maladaptive coping strategies?

Substance abuse Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antibodies within the immune system?

To identify foreign agents Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is typically the first to respond to an infection?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What role do T cells have within the immune system?

They differentiate into memory cells to aid in immune response. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect stress adaptation?

Eye color Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Body Defenses and Stress Concepts

Stress is perceived as a threat disrupting homeostasis and exceeding individual coping capacity.
Hans Selye defined the body's response to stressors as the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which includes three stages: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Alarm Stage: Triggered by an emergency reaction; activates the sympathetic nervous system, releasing catecholamines and cortisol for the fight-or-flight response.
Resistance Stage: Body mobilizes resources to adapt to sustained challenges.
Exhaustion Stage: When adaptation fails, leading to ineffective coping and potential onset of diseases.

Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)

Represents a localized version of GAS, limiting stressor damage by confining it to one area (e.g., local inflammatory response).

Coping Strategies

Adaptive Strategies: Physical activity, adequate sleep, optimal diet, relaxation, and distraction.
Maladaptive Strategies: Smoking, substance abuse, overeating.

Immune System Overview

Protects against microorganisms, removes damaged cells, and destroys cancer cells through defense and attack mechanisms.
Major Immune Components: Include neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, B cells, and T cells.

Types of Immunity

Innate Immunity: Present from birth, non-specific response to foreign microbes via barriers, inflammation, and chemical mediators such as pyrogens and interferons.
Adaptive Immunity: Develops after exposure to specific antigens; includes humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

Active and Passive Immunity

Active Immunity: Acquired through exposure or vaccination; long-lasting.
Passive Immunity: Temporary immunity from external sources, such as maternal transfer.

Altered Immune Responses

Hypersensitivity: Inflated immune response to an antigen; can be immediate or delayed.
Autoimmune Disorders: Body mistakenly attacks itself.
Immunodeficiency: Diminished immune response, increasing infection risk.

Hypersensitivity Types

Type I (IgE mediated): Immediate response to allergens (e.g., anaphylaxis).
Type II (Cytotoxic): Immediate response causing destruction of the individual's own cells (e.g., blood transfusion reactions).
Type III (Immune Complex-Mediated): Deposit of antigen-antibody complexes leading to inflammation (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus).
Type IV (Delayed): T-cell mediated response resulting in tissue damage (e.g., contact dermatitis).

Transplant Reactions

Successful transplants depend on matching tissue antigens; donor options include living or cadaver sources.
Transplant Types: Allogenic, syngeneic, autologous, xenogeneic.

Classification of Transplant Rejection

Hyperacute Rejection: Immediate reaction due to pre-existing antibodies against donor tissue.
Acute Rejection: Occurs within 4 days to 3 months post-transplant; mediated by immune responses with symptoms of fever and site tenderness.
Chronic Rejection: Occurs 4 months to years later; primarily antibody-mediated, leading to ischemia.

Description

This quiz focuses on body defenses related to stress concepts and the General Adaptation Syndrome. Students will explore various stress responses and compare different stages involved in adaptation. Perfect for those studying nursing and wanting to deepen their understanding of pathophysiology.