Podcast
Questions and Answers
What personality changes did Phineas Gage experience after his accident?
What personality changes did Phineas Gage experience after his accident?
- He lost interest in alcohol.
- He was more responsible and sociable.
- He became impatient and obstinate. (correct)
- He became more efficient and capable.
What is a symptom of pseudodepression associated with left frontal lobe lesions?
What is a symptom of pseudodepression associated with left frontal lobe lesions?
- Engagement in social activities.
- Loss of initiative. (correct)
- Heightened sexual interest.
- Increased social abilities.
Which behavior is associated with pseudopsychopathy linked to right frontal lobe lesions?
Which behavior is associated with pseudopsychopathy linked to right frontal lobe lesions?
- Promiscuous sexual behavior. (correct)
- Strong impulse control.
- Increased financial responsibility.
- Verbal restraint.
What year did Moniz initiate psychosurgery with frontal lobotomies?
What year did Moniz initiate psychosurgery with frontal lobotomies?
What was the goal of the transorbital leucotomy developed by Freeman?
What was the goal of the transorbital leucotomy developed by Freeman?
Which aspect of Phineas Gage's accident was unusual regarding his consciousness?
Which aspect of Phineas Gage's accident was unusual regarding his consciousness?
What is a common effect of lesions in the ventral prefrontal lobes?
What is a common effect of lesions in the ventral prefrontal lobes?
What physical evidence remained after the accident involving Phineas Gage?
What physical evidence remained after the accident involving Phineas Gage?
Which brain region is activated by facial expressions of disgust?
Which brain region is activated by facial expressions of disgust?
Which of the following statements is true regarding left hemisphere lesions in patients?
Which of the following statements is true regarding left hemisphere lesions in patients?
What reaction is typically observed with right hemisphere inactivation during emotional testing?
What reaction is typically observed with right hemisphere inactivation during emotional testing?
What physical sensation can be caused by electrical stimulation of the insula?
What physical sensation can be caused by electrical stimulation of the insula?
In the context of emotional processing, which hemisphere is primarily associated with negative emotions?
In the context of emotional processing, which hemisphere is primarily associated with negative emotions?
What type of expressions activate the amygdala, according to the studies?
What type of expressions activate the amygdala, according to the studies?
What is a known association of disgust in terms of sensory experience?
What is a known association of disgust in terms of sensory experience?
During the Wada test, what reaction is linked to left inactivation?
During the Wada test, what reaction is linked to left inactivation?
What is the primary task in the target detection exercise presented?
What is the primary task in the target detection exercise presented?
What effect does the arrangement of the targets and distractors have on the task?
What effect does the arrangement of the targets and distractors have on the task?
Which of the following statements is true regarding target detection?
Which of the following statements is true regarding target detection?
In Treisman & Gelade's study, what may be inferred about the positioning of 'T's and 'X's?
In Treisman & Gelade's study, what may be inferred about the positioning of 'T's and 'X's?
What implication can be drawn from the repeated phrase 'Find the T' in the content?
What implication can be drawn from the repeated phrase 'Find the T' in the content?
What is a strength of the experiment related to the pairing of targets?
What is a strength of the experiment related to the pairing of targets?
Which limitation of the experiment could affect the results?
Which limitation of the experiment could affect the results?
What phenomenon is observed in fearful participants regarding attention?
What phenomenon is observed in fearful participants regarding attention?
What procedural aspect aimed to eliminate handedness effects in the study?
What procedural aspect aimed to eliminate handedness effects in the study?
What distinguishes divergent thinking from convergent thinking?
What distinguishes divergent thinking from convergent thinking?
Why is the strength of randomizing trial order important?
Why is the strength of randomizing trial order important?
What aspect of behavior is decreased with frontal lobe injury?
What aspect of behavior is decreased with frontal lobe injury?
What does the Stroop test primarily measure?
What does the Stroop test primarily measure?
How are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test cards meant to be categorized?
How are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test cards meant to be categorized?
Which area is primarily associated with divergent thinking?
Which area is primarily associated with divergent thinking?
What finding was observed in patients with a left frontal lesion while performing the Stroop test?
What finding was observed in patients with a left frontal lesion while performing the Stroop test?
Which cognitive skill is assessed by tasks that require producing words starting with specific letters?
Which cognitive skill is assessed by tasks that require producing words starting with specific letters?
Who demonstrated that patients with prefrontal dorsolateral lesions were impaired in concept formation?
Who demonstrated that patients with prefrontal dorsolateral lesions were impaired in concept formation?
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Study Notes
Phineas Gage’s Case
- In 1848, a tamping iron went through Phineas Gage’s skull, destroying his frontal lobes.
- Phineas Gage survived the accident and appeared to have no loss of consciousness.
- After the accident, his personality changed drastically.
- He became irresponsible, lacking social graces, and unable to hold a job.
- He was no longer the efficient and capable foreman he was before the accident.
Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Lesions
- Impaired social and sexual behavior
- Changes in personality
Pseudodepression
- Appears after lesions of the left frontal lobe.
- Symptoms include outward apathy, indifference, loss of initiative, reduced sexual interest, and little verbal output.
Pseudopsychopathy
- Appears after lesions of the right frontal lobe.
- Symptoms include immature behavior, lack of tact and restraint, promiscuous sexual behavior, coarse language, lack of social graces, and increased motor activity.
Effect of Ventral Prefrontal Lobes on Emotion
- Psychosurgery was initiated in 1935 by Moniz, aiming to alleviate psychiatric symptoms through frontal lobotomies.
- The procedure was widely used without scientific evidence.
- In 1945, Freeman developed a simplified procedure called “transorbital leucotomy,” also known as the ice-pick lobotomy, which was used on tens of thousands of people.
Insula Responds to Disgust
- The insula is activated by facial expressions of disgust.
- The gustatory cortex is located in the insula, leading to associations between disgust and bad food.
- Electrical stimulation of the insular region can cause nausea.
- Epileptic auras that present as a “bad taste” or nausea often originate in the insula.
Hemispheric Asymmetry in Emotions
- Right inactivation leads to euphoric-maniacal reactions.
- Left inactivation leads to depressive-catastrophic reactions.
- The left hemisphere is thought to house positive emotions while the right hemisphere houses negative emotions.
Hemsipheric Asymmetry in Emotions
- Patients left hemisphere lesions tend to show catastrophic reactions when confronted with their difficulties.
- Patients with right hemisphere lesions can be indifferent, unaware of their difficulties, disinhibited, and even euphoric.
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Area
- Divergent thinking generates many responses to a question.
- Convergent thinking leads to one answer to a question.
- Frontal lobe injury disrupts divergent thinking.
The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Area: Divergent Thinking
- Verbal fluency is measured by the number of words a patient can produce starting with a specific letter.
- Figural fluency is measured by a patient’s ability to produce multiple drawings.
The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Area: Inhibition
- The Stroop Test measures a patient’s ability to read the color of font instead of the word itself.
- Patients with left frontal lesions perform poorly on the Stroop Test.
The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Area: Concept Formation
- The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test assesses a patient's ability to learn and adapt to changing rules in classifying cards.
- Patients with prefrontal dorsolateral lesions perform poorly.
Target Detection
- The ability to locate a specific target amongst distractors is tested using a Visual Search Task.
- Target detection takes longer when more distractors are present.
Spider Fear Experiment
- Participants with arachnophobia demonstrate attentional capture and distraction by spiders.
- Spiders can be either the target or distractors in the Visual Search Task.
- Fearful participants show stronger effects than non-fearful controls.
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