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What is the definition of 'philosophy' derived from its Greek roots?
Which branch of philosophy focuses on questions regarding man’s origin, nature, and destiny?
What does 'episteme' represent in philosophical terms?
In the context of dialectics, what does the Socratic method emphasize?
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What type of reasoning does syllogism represent?
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What critical notion did Descartes introduce regarding knowledge?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of 'doxa'?
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What does the dialectic method aim to achieve?
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What is the main characteristic of inductive reasoning?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a non-bodily component of the human person?
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What does self-awareness in an embodied spirit refer to?
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Which approach recognizes the intrinsic value of the environment?
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Transcendence, in the context of the human person, refers to which of the following?
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Which of the following best defines the term 'dignity'?
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What does the anthropological approach focus on in relation to the environment?
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What is the main focus of utilitarianism in environmental philosophy?
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What defines an action as ethically right according to the principle of greatest happiness?
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What is the primary responsibility of human beings according to the concept of stewardship?
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What does virtue ethics emphasize in relation to the environment?
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How is anthropocentrism characterized in ethical beliefs?
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In what way does rationality distinguish human beings from other creatures?
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According to Emmanuel Levinas, what should be the focus of human action?
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What is implied by the idea that human beings are the 'summit of creation'?
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Why is it essential to ensure the environment's sustainability?
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How does profit-based development affect the relationship between humans and the environment?
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What is the role of virtue ethics in environmental leadership?
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What is an essential aspect of establishing a harmonious relationship with the environment?
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How is prudence defined in the context of environmental ethics?
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According to Mercado, what does the Filipino perspective emphasize about nature?
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What does frugality emphasize in resource usage?
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How is freedom defined according to Merriam's Dictionary?
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What hinders the establishment of a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment?
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What distinguishes free will from general freedom?
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Which example illustrates the exercise of freedom in decision-making?
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What characterizes the spirit of non-coexistence between humans and the environment?
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Why is prudence considered vital for addressing climate change?
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What is suggested to be a consequence of an upset balance between humans and the environment?
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Which of the following describes an intrinsic quality of human nature?
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Which aspect of our culture does frugality exist in tension with?
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What is a consequence of focusing solely on development and progress at the expense of the environment?
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Study Notes
Philosophy
- The study of fundamental truths, derived from the Greek words "philos" (lover of/friend of) and "sophia" (wisdom).
- It's an activity undertaken by individuals seeking to understand foundational concepts.
Branches of Philosophy
- Logic: The art of correct thinking, focusing on reasoning and argumentation.
- Epistemology: The theory of knowledge, investigating the nature, scope, and limits of human knowledge.
- Ethics: The theory of good life, exploring moral principles, values, and conduct.
- Metaphysics: The study of ultimate reality, investigating fundamental questions about existence, reality, and the nature of being.
- Politics: The theory of an ideal state, examining different forms of government and political systems.
- Anthropology: The theory of man, focusing on the origin, nature, and destiny of human beings.
Revealing the Whole
- Philosophical reflection arises from our curiosity about things we don't fully understand.
- The universal refers to the whole, while the particular refers to its parts.
- The art of dialectics, a technique for resolving philosophical questions through reasoned dialogue, emerged from the Greeks' emphasis on rational capacity.
Dialectics
- An art of refutation dating back to the ancient Greeks.
- The Socratic Method emphasizes the need for good reasons to support claims and the ability to withstand scrutiny (dialectics = truth).
The Socratic Legacy
- "Know thyself" - An emphasis on self-examination and understanding.
- "The unexamined life is not worth living" - Advocating for a life of inquiry and critical reflection.
- "Virtue is knowledge of good and bad" - Linking moral behavior to understanding right and wrong.
Epistemology: Opinion vs Knowledge
- Epistemé (knowledge): Justified and true belief, usually acquired through research and rigorous investigation.
- Doxa (opinion): "Hearsay," belief based on what others have told you, often reflecting common belief or popular opinion.
Philosophical Views on Opinion vs Knowledge
- Plato: Knowledge is certain, while opinion is uncertain.
- Aristotle: Used syllogism (deductive reasoning with a conclusion inferred from two premises) to analyze knowledge.
- René Descartes: Introduced the idea of indubitability, suggesting that only certain and unquestionable statements can be considered a basis for knowledge.
- Jacques Derrida: Developed deconstruction, challenging traditional philosophical views by analyzing the structures of language to reveal multiple interpretations.
Methods of Philosophizing
- Socratic Method: Dialogue and questioning to elicit truth.
- Dialectic Method: Reasoned debate and discussion to reach a conclusion.
- Scientific Method: Observation, experimentation, and empirical evidence to test hypotheses.
- Historical Method: Examination of past events and sources to understand the context of ideas.
Types of Reasoning
- Deductive Reasoning: Starts with a general idea and proceeds to specific examples.
- Inductive Reasoning: Starts with specific examples and moves to a general conclusion.
Human Person as an Embodied Spirit
- A living being with the inherent capacity to direct its development toward fulfillment, striving for truth, love, goodness, beauty, and unity, given the right conditions (as defined by Alex Ray).
Non-Bodily Components of the Human Person
- Soul: The immaterial aspect of the person, considered the seat of consciousness, emotions, and moral character.
- Mind: The cognitive faculty responsible for thinking, reasoning, and perception.
- Spirit: Often considered the animating force or principle of the person, associated with aspirations, values, and connection to something transcendent.
Embodied Spirit
- Inseparable union of the human body and soul.
Qualities of the Embodied Spirit
- Self-awareness: Consciousness of oneself, including thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions.
- Externality: The ability to interact with others and the world.
- Self-determination: The capacity to make independent choices, regulate actions, and pursue goals.
- Dignity: The inherent worth and respect owed to all human beings.
Transcendence
- The ability to overcome limitations and strive for higher aspirations, even though the body may remind us of physical constraints.
Human Person in their Environment
- Environmental Philosophy: Exploring the moral relationship between humans and the environment.
Human Approaches to the Environment
- Instrumental Approach: Focuses on the value of the environment as a resource for human beings.
- Axiological Approach: Recognizes the intrinsic value of the environment, calling for protection regardless of its utility for humans.
- Anthropological Approach: Investigates the human "being" and how our relationship with the environment contributes to our understanding of what it means to be human.
- Utilitarianism: Evaluates actions based on their consequences, deeming actions ethically right if they promote happiness for the greatest number of people.
- Natural Law of Ethics: Respects nature as a creation of God for a divine purpose, suggesting that the environment supports human well-being but must be sustained for the future.
- Virtue Ethics Perspective: Emphasizes the development of virtues like care and respect for the environment as habits of ethical behavior.
Anthrocentrism
- The belief that humans are the only beings with intrinsic value.
Complementarity Between Human and Environment
- The spirit of stewardship: Acknowledges that humans are part of creation and are thus responsible for taking care of and protecting the world.
- Human beings as the summit of creation: Highlights our unique rational capacity and moral responsibility to care for the environment as the "other."
- Non-coexistence: The problematic view of the environment as an object to be exploited by humans, leading to an imbalance in the relationship.
- Coexistence: Recognizing the interdependence between humans and the environment, promoting a harmonious and respectful relationship.
Developing Environmental Virtue Ethics
- Prudence: Wisdom and thoughtful consideration of the means needed to achieve sustainable goals.
- Frugality: Restraint and responsible use of resources.
Freedom
- Freedom itself: The capacity to make choices, to act and to be what we want to be.
- Free Will: Our ability to choose independent courses of action based on our rational understanding of right and wrong.
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Description
Explore the fundamental truths and branches of philosophy, including logic, epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, politics, and anthropology. This quiz invites you to delve into the core concepts that shape human understanding and existence.
