Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is privacy considered in relation to a good life?
What is privacy considered in relation to a good life?
- Neither necessary nor intrinsically valuable
- Instrumentally valuable
- Necessary but not intrinsically valuable (correct)
- Intrinsically valuable
What is the main argument of reductionist accounts of privacy?
What is the main argument of reductionist accounts of privacy?
- Privacy is derived from other moral values (correct)
- Privacy is an end in itself
- Privacy is a means to an end
- Privacy is a fundamental human right
What is the main difference between reductionist and non-reductionist accounts of privacy?
What is the main difference between reductionist and non-reductionist accounts of privacy?
- The existence of moral considerations unique to privacy (correct)
- The role of human dignity
- The impact of ICT technologies
- The importance of autonomy
According to Van den Hoven, what is one of the moral considerations that privacy derives its importance from?
According to Van den Hoven, what is one of the moral considerations that privacy derives its importance from?
What is the benefit of using the notion of privacy, according to Katell and Moore?
What is the benefit of using the notion of privacy, according to Katell and Moore?
What is the main criticism of reductionist accounts of privacy?
What is the main criticism of reductionist accounts of privacy?
What is the relationship between privacy and other values, according to non-reductionist accounts?
What is the relationship between privacy and other values, according to non-reductionist accounts?
What is the context in which the notion of privacy is often framed, according to Katell and Moore?
What is the context in which the notion of privacy is often framed, according to Katell and Moore?
What is a source of bias that emerges from the use of a system?
What is a source of bias that emerges from the use of a system?
What has further increased the problem of bias?
What has further increased the problem of bias?
Why is large-scale data collection for cybersecurity vulnerable to bias?
Why is large-scale data collection for cybersecurity vulnerable to bias?
How may cybersecurity measures affect democracy?
How may cybersecurity measures affect democracy?
What is a concern about the strategic use of cybersecurity by national governments?
What is a concern about the strategic use of cybersecurity by national governments?
Why may the use of cybersecurity by national governments lack democratic legitimacy?
Why may the use of cybersecurity by national governments lack democratic legitimacy?
What is an example of how cyberattacks may undermine the democratic process?
What is an example of how cyberattacks may undermine the democratic process?
What is a value that is relevant to cybersecurity?
What is a value that is relevant to cybersecurity?
What is the third value cluster relevant to cybersecurity?
What is the third value cluster relevant to cybersecurity?
Why are fairness and justice important values in cybersecurity?
Why are fairness and justice important values in cybersecurity?
What is the concern raised by cybersecurity measures in terms of democracy?
What is the concern raised by cybersecurity measures in terms of democracy?
What is the primary consideration when evaluating a cybersecurity measure in terms of fairness?
What is the primary consideration when evaluating a cybersecurity measure in terms of fairness?
What is the likely outcome if certain cybersecurity measures are not taken for efficiency reasons?
What is the likely outcome if certain cybersecurity measures are not taken for efficiency reasons?
What is the relationship between fairness and equality?
What is the relationship between fairness and equality?
What is the primary concern of fairness in the context of cybersecurity?
What is the primary concern of fairness in the context of cybersecurity?
What is the reason why fairness and justice are important in the context of cybersecurity?
What is the reason why fairness and justice are important in the context of cybersecurity?
What is a concern about government agencies finding cybersecurity weaknesses?
What is a concern about government agencies finding cybersecurity weaknesses?
What is a consequence of government agencies keeping cybersecurity weaknesses secret?
What is a consequence of government agencies keeping cybersecurity weaknesses secret?
What is a fairness concern related to government agencies keeping cybersecurity weaknesses secret?
What is a fairness concern related to government agencies keeping cybersecurity weaknesses secret?
In which situation is accountability particularly relevant to cybersecurity?
In which situation is accountability particularly relevant to cybersecurity?
What is a value related to accountability in cybersecurity?
What is a value related to accountability in cybersecurity?
What does accountability imply in situations where an agent did something wrong or caused undue harm?
What does accountability imply in situations where an agent did something wrong or caused undue harm?
What may happen if an agent's account for their actions and their consequences is unsatisfactory?
What may happen if an agent's account for their actions and their consequences is unsatisfactory?
What is an example of a situation where accountability is relevant in cybersecurity?
What is an example of a situation where accountability is relevant in cybersecurity?
What is the meaning of a value conflict?
What is the meaning of a value conflict?
What is the result of a value conflict between two values?
What is the result of a value conflict between two values?
What is an example of two conflicting values in cybersecurity?
What is an example of two conflicting values in cybersecurity?
How do values conflict in terms of their practical implications?
How do values conflict in terms of their practical implications?
What is the role of interpretation and judgment in determining value conflicts?
What is the role of interpretation and judgment in determining value conflicts?
What is conceptualisation in the context of values?
What is conceptualisation in the context of values?
What is the relative frequency of value conflicts arising from semantic level of values?
What is the relative frequency of value conflicts arising from semantic level of values?
What is the result of conflicting values in terms of their evaluations?
What is the result of conflicting values in terms of their evaluations?
Study Notes
Privacy
- Privacy is a value that is necessary for a good life, but it's not necessarily intrinsically valuable and can't be replaced by other means.
- There are two accounts of privacy: reductionist and non-reductionist.
- Reductionist accounts argue that privacy's moral importance is based on other values such as autonomy, human dignity, and liberty.
- Non-reductionist accounts argue that privacy articulates moral considerations and corresponds to moral reasons that can't be fully expressed by other values.
Privacy (Van den Hoven's Argument)
- Van den Hoven argues that privacy derives its moral importance from four types of moral considerations:
- Prevention of information-based harm.
- Prevention of informational inequality.
- Prevention of informational injustice.
- Respect for moral autonomy.
Fairness
- Fairness is a value that is relevant to cybersecurity because cybersecurity threats and measures impact people differently, raising fairness issues.
- Fairness is connected to values such as equality, justice, non-discrimination, and freedom from bias.
- Democracy is also a relevant value because some cybersecurity measures may require democratic legitimation rather than being controlled by private actors.
Fairness (Bias)
- Friedman and Nissenbaum (1996) identify three sources of bias:
- Pre-existing bias in human practices, institutions, and attitudes.
- Technical bias resulting from technical requirements and constraints.
- Emergent bias that emerges from the use of the system.
- The increased use of big data and self-learning algorithms has further increased the problem of bias.
Fairness (Democracy)
- Cyberattacks can undermine the democratic process.
- Cybersecurity measures can protect democratic liberties such as freedom of speech.
- However, cybersecurity measures can also undermine democracy, particularly if used strategically by national governments for national security aims.
Accountability
- Accountability is relevant to cybersecurity in situations where someone allegedly harms someone else or infringes on their rights.
- Accountability is also relevant in situations with power imbalances between agents, where the more powerful agent introduces rules or measures that may harm the less powerful ones.
- Accountability is closely related to responsibility and its different meanings, such as blameworthiness, liability, and obligation-responsibility.
What Are Value Conflicts?
- Value conflicts occur when two or more values provide opposite or contradictory evaluations of the same state-of-affairs.
- Value conflicts can derive from oppositions at the semantic level of values or from the practical implications of values.
- The question of which reasons a value corresponds to is one of interpretation and judgment, depending on the value at stake and the specific context.
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Description
Explore the philosophical concepts of intrinsic and instrumental values in the context of a good life. Evaluate the role of privacy in reductionist and non-reductionist accounts.
