Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are empirical statements also known as?
What are empirical statements also known as?
- Truths of abstract thought
- Formal propositions
- Matters of perception
- Truths of fact (correct)
Which of the following disciplines falls under empirical sciences?
Which of the following disciplines falls under empirical sciences?
- Chemistry (correct)
- Logic
- Geometry
- Mathematics
What role does the mind or intellect play according to the content?
What role does the mind or intellect play according to the content?
- It judges empirical observations
- It forms empirical statements
- It is responsible for the formation of concepts (correct)
- It evaluates truth values
Which type of knowledge does David Hume classify as being dependent on the formal system used?
Which type of knowledge does David Hume classify as being dependent on the formal system used?
What is required for the formation of abstract concepts as mentioned in the content?
What is required for the formation of abstract concepts as mentioned in the content?
What is the main outcome of the perception stage in the three major stages described?
What is the main outcome of the perception stage in the three major stages described?
What distinguishes abstraction from perception?
What distinguishes abstraction from perception?
Which of the following best describes analytic statements?
Which of the following best describes analytic statements?
What are concepts in the context of abstraction?
What are concepts in the context of abstraction?
Which statement correctly identifies a characteristic of internal perception?
Which statement correctly identifies a characteristic of internal perception?
Which type of sentence is primarily meant to command?
Which type of sentence is primarily meant to command?
What is one characteristic of empirical knowledge?
What is one characteristic of empirical knowledge?
What does the coherence theory primarily deal with?
What does the coherence theory primarily deal with?
Which type of reasoning uses specific premises to support a general conclusion?
Which type of reasoning uses specific premises to support a general conclusion?
What is a key feature of formal knowledge?
What is a key feature of formal knowledge?
Which of the following aligns with the faculty of reason?
Which of the following aligns with the faculty of reason?
Which source of knowledge is directly related to the five senses?
Which source of knowledge is directly related to the five senses?
What is the purpose of interrogative sentences?
What is the purpose of interrogative sentences?
What does the Pragmatic Theory of Truth emphasize regarding the value of knowledge?
What does the Pragmatic Theory of Truth emphasize regarding the value of knowledge?
Which philosopher is associated with the concept of radical freedom?
Which philosopher is associated with the concept of radical freedom?
How are mores derived according to the content?
How are mores derived according to the content?
What two factors are crucial in the emergence of morality?
What two factors are crucial in the emergence of morality?
Which of the following concepts describes a traditional or widely accepted way of behaving?
Which of the following concepts describes a traditional or widely accepted way of behaving?
What does the Correspondence Theory primarily aim to achieve?
What does the Correspondence Theory primarily aim to achieve?
Which philosopher is associated with the logical atomist perspective?
Which philosopher is associated with the logical atomist perspective?
What is the main criticism of meaningful utterances?
What is the main criticism of meaningful utterances?
What is the focus of Normative Ethics?
What is the focus of Normative Ethics?
Which of the following concepts is considered cognitively meaningless?
Which of the following concepts is considered cognitively meaningless?
In the realm of psychology, what does 'sense data' refer to?
In the realm of psychology, what does 'sense data' refer to?
What role does intuition play according to moral philosophers?
What role does intuition play according to moral philosophers?
What does the Emotive Theory of Meaning fail to achieve?
What does the Emotive Theory of Meaning fail to achieve?
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Study Notes
Three Major Stages of Knowledge
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Exclamatory Stage: Meant to surprise and evoke emotional responses.
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Perception:
- Shared characteristic with animals; involves external perception through five senses.
- Internal perception employs imagination or memory, creating images or phantasms.
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Abstraction:
- Distinguishes humans from animals.
- Simple apprehension is the initial intellectual perception of objects.
- Concepts arise as building blocks of knowledge but lack truth value.
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Judgement:
- Involves making knowledge claims, determining truth and falsity.
- Results in statements or propositions completing the mental act.
Types of Statements (David Hume)
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Analytic Statements: Their truth or falsity is contained within the statement itself, known as truths of language or formal statements.
- Example: Tautology (repeating the same fact) and denial (which leads to contradiction).
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Empirical Statements: Truth or falsity depends on the state of affairs and requires proof, often associated with a posteriori knowledge (knowledge gained through experience).
Types of Sentences
- Declarative: Expresses information; carries truth value.
- Interrogative: Asks questions.
- Imperative: Gives commands.
- Expletive: Expresses wishes.
Theories of Truth
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Coherence Theory: Argues truth is based on the consistency of belief systems and propositions.
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Correspondence Theory: Emphasizes that truth corresponds with states of affairs in the world; rooted in sensory experiences.
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Pragmatic Theory (William James): Suggests truth is determined by the practical consequences and effectiveness of beliefs in action.
Sources of Knowledge
- Reason: Considered an analytic faculty.
- Experience: Utilizes five senses for observable information and knowledge.
- Intuition: Used by moral philosophers to derive self-evident truths without intermediary concepts.
Aspects of Morality
- Ethics: Explores moral principles, questioning what is considered 'good'.
- Normative Ethics: Develops standards for what is seen as ethical or moral behavior.
- Meta-Ethics: Investigates the nature and meaning of moral concepts.
Social Structures and Morality
- Society vs. Individual: Morality emerges from both societal perspectives and individual beliefs; society is diverse and not homogeneous.
- Practices of Society: Customs and mores derive from repeated societal practices, with mores reflecting compelling reasons for ethical behavior.
Important Philosophers
- Jean-Paul Sartre: Advocated for radical freedom, highlighting individual choice in moral decision-making.
- John Mothershead: Focused on the modern conception of right and obligation.
Concepts Related to Morality
- Sanctions: Threatened penalties for non-compliance with societal norms.
- Customs: Widely accepted behaviors that evolve from societal norms.
- Habits: Individualized practices leading to moral development.
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