Philosophy of Justice and Dualism

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Questions and Answers

What identity concept is primarily promoted in individualism?

They identity

We identity

You identity

I identity (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of individualism?

Emphasis on communal goals (correct)

Promotion of individual rights

Striving for personal success

Independence in actions

How are Eastern traditions primarily characterized in relation to the self?

They reject any connection to nature.

They are solely focused on individual rights.

They are seen as collectivistic. (correct)

They promote independence above all.

What is a common perception in individualistic cultures regarding reliance on others?

It is seen as a shameful act. Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophy asserted the relevance of the self in relation to society and nature among Eastern traditions?

Confucianism Signup and view all the answers

What principle governs the unconscious according to the content?

Pleasure principle Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced the theory of self that includes 'self', 'me', and 'I'?

George Herbert Mead Signup and view all the answers

How does the sociological perspective define the 'self'?

A product of social interactions Signup and view all the answers

What role does language play in the development of self?

It facilitates communication and response Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what process helps develop consciousness in the self?

Role playing Signup and view all the answers

What does the development of the self require interaction with?

Social experiences and communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the 'aspects of ourselves that are constituted by societal expectations'?

Social self Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the interaction that shapes the self?

Innate personality traits Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'I' represent according to William James?

The thinking and feeling self Signup and view all the answers

Which type of self refers to internal standards and private thoughts?

Private Self Signup and view all the answers

How is self-awareness defined in the provided content?

Being conscious of one's self-concepts Signup and view all the answers

What influences an individual's interests according to the content?

Social and historical contexts Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible outcome of having a negative self-awareness?

Difficulty in making decisions Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the 'ME' in the context provided?

To reflect characteristics and psychological capabilities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true about self-awareness?

It is only influenced by personal experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is suggested to reconsider when outperformed in a skill?

The importance of the skill Signup and view all the answers

What is the view of J. Maurice Merleau-Ponty regarding the relationship between mind and body?

They are intertwined and cannot be separated. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes C. Sobritchea's concept of self?

The unique perception of oneself in relation to others. Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which level is governed by the reality principle?

Conscious Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'private self' refer to in the context of types of self?

Personal traits and behaviors unique to an individual. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of self is NOT included in Freud's model of conscious and unconscious?

Non-verbal behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher argues that the mind-body bifurcation is an invalid problem?

J. Maurice Merleau-Ponty Signup and view all the answers

In the context of socialization, the 'collective self' is best described as:

A recognized perception within a community. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the subconscious level in Freud's theory?

To hold repressed memories and desires. Signup and view all the answers

According to Plato, what is the relationship between the soul and the body?

The soul exists before and after death and is immaterial. Signup and view all the answers

What did C.St. Augustine admit about himself?

He acknowledged his sinfulness. Signup and view all the answers

What does the core of knowledge according to the content focus on?

Self-knowledge and understanding of one's soul. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects Plato's belief about the body?

The body is bound to die and imperfect. Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what can impact human choices?

Desire for happiness and self-knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of humans according to the content?

They strive for harmonious functioning of their soul. Signup and view all the answers

What tragic event influenced C.St. Augustine as mentioned in the content?

The loss of his father. Signup and view all the answers

In the content, what role does knowledge of the self play in making choices?

It enhances the ability to make happy choices. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Justice

Derived from the soul, human choices are based on the desire for happiness.
The more a person knows about themselves, the better their choices.
Saint Augustine of Hippo believed that even if he was mistaken in his judgments, he was still correct.
Augustine's life was marked by a series of misfortunes, including the death of his father and a lack of educational opportunities.
He acknowledged his own sinfulness and was not afraid to discuss it with others.
Augustine saw human nature as bifurcated, with a body that is mortal and seeks divine connection and a lively, vivid soul.

Plato

Plato was a dualist, believing in the separation of the soul (immaterial, knowing, and comprehending forms) and the body (material).
He argued that the soul exists both before and after death.
He advocated for focusing on the soul, rather than the body, as the driving force behind our identity.
Plato believed that the body is dependent on the soul.

Eliminative Materialism

This theory aims to develop a new neuroscience-based vocabulary for understanding the mind, consciousness, and human experience.

Understanding the Self

The self is often viewed as separate, self-contained, independent, consistent, unitary, and private.
However, the self is also shaped by social interactions and the way we see ourselves in relation to others.
Our understanding of the self evolves throughout life, culminating in a distinct personal identity.

Self-Types

Private self: comprises the individual's traits, states, or behaviors.
Public self: the generalized view of the self held by others.
Collective self: the self's identity within a particular group or community.

Socialization

Socialization involves all social and cultural processes through which individuals develop or learn about their identities within the context of societal norms, values, gender roles, and sexual relationships.

George Herbert Mead

Mead believed that the self emerges from social interaction.
He proposed the concepts of "self", "me", and "I".
According to Mead, the self is developed through social interaction.

Sociological Perspective of the Self

Self is a product of social interactions.
The self is not innate but emerges through our social experiences.

Self and External Reality

Social situations influence our understanding of ourselves.
Growth and development of the self are based on interactions with the external world.

Perception

Self-perception is established through observations and interactions with others.

Self (Cooley, 1902)

Self includes any statements made by an individual, explicitly or implicitly, that use the terms "I", "me", and "myself".

“I” vs. “Me”

“I” is the thinking and feeling self, responsible for acting and making decisions.
“Me” refers to an individual's physical characteristics and psychological capabilities that make up their identity.

William James’ "I"

The self as the knower, also known as pure ego.

Self (Carver and Scheier, 1981)

Two types of self: private and public.
Private Self: internal standards, thoughts, and feelings.
Self has no time to be weak and emotional: This is the time to reconsider what was outperformed, strengthen the resolve to improve the skill, and recover from being emotional.

Eastern Traditions

Associated with communal self, where the self is defined by its relationship to others and the broader community.

Individualism vs. Collectivism

Individualism:
- Emphasizes the "I" identity.
- Promotes individual goals, initiatives, and achievements.
- Prioritizes individual rights.
- Values independence and self-reliance.
Collectivism:
- Grounded in nature and interconnectedness.
- Emphasis on group goals, interdependence, and harmony.
- Focus on social responsibility and collective well-being.

Eastern Thought

The self's relationship to others, the Divine Being, and nature are central to Eastern traditions.

Confucianism

Confucius emphasized ethics, social order, and living in harmony with the natural world.

Self-Awareness

Self-awareness involves being cognizant of our self concept.
It can be both positive and negative, depending on the circumstances and our subsequent actions.

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Description

Explore the contrasting views of Saint Augustine and Plato on justice and the nature of the soul. This quiz delves into Augustine's personal experiences and Platonian dualism, highlighting how these philosophical ideas shape our understanding of identity and morality. Test your comprehension of their theories and insights.