Philosophy of Human Nature

How many decades did Jean Piaget dedicate to studying children's logical thinking development?

Three
Five
Six (correct)
Four

At what age do children start developing logical thinking skills according to Piaget's theory?

4 or 5
6 or 7 (correct)
10 or 11
8 or 9

What is the primary assumption of empiricism regarding human development?

Humans have inherent tendencies that shape their development.
All differences among individuals are due to their experiences. (correct)
Childhood environments have no impact on adult development.
Adults have no control over shaping children's development.

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, what is necessary for children to fulfill their potential?

Nurturing and protection (C) Signup and view all the answers

What marked a significant shift in the study of human development in the 19th century?

Application of scientific methods to traditional questions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was Charles Darwin's motivation for studying child development?

To shed light on human evolution (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the contrasting view to empiricism mentioned in the text?

Original sin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge when comparing the academic measures of children with different schooling environments?

Isolating the effect of schooling environments from other family differences (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of a quasi-experiment?

It yields more ambiguous results than a fully controlled experiment (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential problem with interpreting the results of a cross-sectional study?

The results may be influenced by differences in cohort, not just age (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a researcher trying to achieve by selecting comparison groups matched on variables like income, marital status, or religion?

To alleviate the issue of differences in family environments (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a longitudinal design to study age-related changes?

It allows researchers to study the same group of people over a period of time (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of the brain to change in response to experience?

Plasticity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of research design combines cross-sectional and longitudinal examinations of development?

Sequential design (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the average ages at which developmental milestones are reached?

Norms (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a change in characteristic, kind, or type?

Qualitative change (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of studying people in their normal environments?

Naturalistic observation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue in longitudinal studies due to participant attrition?

An underestimation of developmental changes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of longitudinal studies in terms of their generalizability?

They are only applicable to the specific cohort studied (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue with repetitive testing in longitudinal studies?

It can result in practice effects (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the participants who are most likely to remain in a longitudinal study?

They are more educated and have better health (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a sequential design in research?

To overcome the limitations of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of quasi-experiments that makes their results ambiguous?

The lack of full control over variables, which yields more ambiguous results than a fully controlled experiment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential problem with interpreting the results of a cross-sectional study of age-related changes?

The results might be influenced by cohort differences, rather than age or development, as people in the study differ in both age and cohort. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using comparison groups matched on variables like income, marital status, or religion in a quasi-experiment?

To alleviate the issue of differences in these variables affecting the results, and to try to isolate the effect of the variable of interest. Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using a longitudinal design to study age-related changes?

It allows researchers to study the same group of people over a period of time, providing more definitive conclusions about age-related changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a sequential design in research?

To combine aspects of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, providing a more comprehensive understanding of age-related changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range of the participants in the NLSCY study?

0 to 25 years (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of combining data from multiple ethnographic studies?

To identify if similar developmental patterns exist across different cultures or contexts (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common approach in cross-cultural research?

Comparing groups from different countries using the same or similar measures (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a subculture within the same country that may be compared in cross-cultural research?

Children from different ethnic groups or communities (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using ethnographic studies in cross-cultural research?

It provides a detailed description of a single culture or context based on extensive observation (C) Signup and view all the answers

How many Canadians were surveyed in the NLSCY study between 1994 and 2010?

Almost 36,000 (B) Signup and view all the answers

How often did the NLSCY study collect data on its participants?

Every two years (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding a new sample of newborns and 1-year-olds in each two-year cycle of the NLSCY study?

To increase the sample size of the study (C) Signup and view all the answers

Explain the key differences between surveys and observations as methods of data collection in human development research.

Surveys use interviews or questionnaires to gather data about attitudes, interests, values, and behaviors, are efficient tools for quickly collecting information, and can track changes over time. Observations, on the other hand, are time-consuming and need to be conducted in various settings to ensure the observed behavior reflects development and not just environmental influences. Signup and view all the answers

What is a correlation, and how is it expressed?

A correlation represents a relationship between two variables, expressed as a number between -1.00 and +1.00. Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of a positive correlation and a negative correlation, using the relationship between temperature and air conditioner/heater use in Canada.

The positive correlation is between temperature and air conditioner use, where high temperatures correspond to high air conditioner use. The negative correlation is between temperature and heater use, where low temperatures correspond to high heater use. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using surveys in human development research?

The main advantage of using surveys is that they are efficient tools for quickly collecting information and can track changes over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of observations in human development research, and how can it be addressed?

A potential limitation of observations is that they may reflect environmental influences rather than developmental changes. This can be addressed by conducting observations in various settings. Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

How many decades did Jean Piaget dedicate to studying children's logical thinking development?

At what age do children start developing logical thinking skills according to Piaget's theory?

What is the primary assumption of empiricism regarding human development?

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, what is necessary for children to fulfill their potential?

What marked a significant shift in the study of human development in the 19th century?

What was Charles Darwin's motivation for studying child development?

What is the contrasting view to empiricism mentioned in the text?

What is a challenge when comparing the academic measures of children with different schooling environments?

What is a limitation of a quasi-experiment?

What is a potential problem with interpreting the results of a cross-sectional study?

What is a researcher trying to achieve by selecting comparison groups matched on variables like income, marital status, or religion?

What is the primary advantage of using a longitudinal design to study age-related changes?

What is the term for the ability of the brain to change in response to experience?

What type of research design combines cross-sectional and longitudinal examinations of development?

What is the term for the average ages at which developmental milestones are reached?

What is the term for a change in characteristic, kind, or type?

What is the term for the process of studying people in their normal environments?

What is a common issue in longitudinal studies due to participant attrition?

What is a limitation of longitudinal studies in terms of their generalizability?

What is a potential issue with repetitive testing in longitudinal studies?

What is a characteristic of the participants who are most likely to remain in a longitudinal study?

What is the purpose of a sequential design in research?

What is a limitation of quasi-experiments that makes their results ambiguous?

What is a potential problem with interpreting the results of a cross-sectional study of age-related changes?

What is the purpose of using comparison groups matched on variables like income, marital status, or religion in a quasi-experiment?

What is a benefit of using a longitudinal design to study age-related changes?

What is the purpose of a sequential design in research?

What is the age range of the participants in the NLSCY study?

What is the benefit of combining data from multiple ethnographic studies?

What is a common approach in cross-cultural research?

What is an example of a subculture within the same country that may be compared in cross-cultural research?

What is the advantage of using ethnographic studies in cross-cultural research?

How many Canadians were surveyed in the NLSCY study between 1994 and 2010?

How often did the NLSCY study collect data on its participants?

What is the purpose of adding a new sample of newborns and 1-year-olds in each two-year cycle of the NLSCY study?

Explain the key differences between surveys and observations as methods of data collection in human development research.

What is a correlation, and how is it expressed?

Provide an example of a positive correlation and a negative correlation, using the relationship between temperature and air conditioner/heater use in Canada.

What is the main advantage of using surveys in human development research?

What is a potential limitation of observations in human development research, and how can it be addressed?

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