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Questions and Answers
What does Hard Determinism (HD) assert regarding the nature of human actions?
What does Hard Determinism (HD) assert regarding the nature of human actions?
- Every action is freely chosen without any external influences.
- Humans have the ability to choose contrary to their nature.
- Only some actions are determined by external factors.
- Every event has a cause, nullifying the concept of free will. (correct)
Which argument asserts that feeling free implies the existence of free will?
Which argument asserts that feeling free implies the existence of free will?
- Argument from Drive Resistance
- Argument from Choice
- Argument from Moral Responsibility
- Argument from the Feeling of Freedom (correct)
According to the Argument from Moral Responsibility, what conclusion is drawn if we are morally responsible for our actions?
According to the Argument from Moral Responsibility, what conclusion is drawn if we are morally responsible for our actions?
- We are determined by external factors.
- We act freely in some instances. (correct)
- We cannot act freely.
- Hard Determinism is true.
Which of the following describes a standard volition in the context of the definitions provided?
Which of the following describes a standard volition in the context of the definitions provided?
What is one characteristic of Typical Soft Determinism (TSD)?
What is one characteristic of Typical Soft Determinism (TSD)?
What does the Argument from Drive Resistance aim to demonstrate regarding Hard Determinism?
What does the Argument from Drive Resistance aim to demonstrate regarding Hard Determinism?
Which premise is common to all arguments presented against Hard Determinism?
Which premise is common to all arguments presented against Hard Determinism?
What is required to evaluate the arguments against Hard Determinism effectively?
What is required to evaluate the arguments against Hard Determinism effectively?
Which statement correctly describes moral responsibility based on the premises of the arguments?
Which statement correctly describes moral responsibility based on the premises of the arguments?
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Study Notes
Hard Determinism
- Every event has a cause, implying that nobody acts freely.
- Hard Determinism accepts the Principle of Universal Causation and denies Free Will Thesis.
Arguments Against Hard Determinism
- Argument from the Feeling of Freedom: Sometimes we feel we are acting freely, suggesting the possibility of free will.
- Argument from Choice: Sometimes we choose to do certain things, indicating freedom of action.
- Argument from Drive Resistance: We can resist our desires and passions, hinting at a degree of control over our actions.
- Argument from Moral Responsibility: We are sometimes held morally responsible for our actions, suggesting a capacity for free choice.
Moral Responsibility & Causal Responsibility
- Moral responsibility refers to being accountable for one's actions, often accompanied by praise or blame.
- Causal responsibility refers to the chain of events leading to an outcome, emphasizing cause and effect.
- Distinguish between these two concepts to understand moral responsibility within the framework of free will.
Typical Soft Determinism
- Accepts the Principle of Universal Causation: All events have a cause.
- Posits some voluntary actions: Allows for some form of free will within a deterministic framework.
- Asserts moral responsibility for voluntary actions: Maintains that individuals are responsible for their choices and their consequences.
A.J. Ayer's Critique of Typical Soft Determinism
- Typical Soft Determinism struggles to fully capture the essence of free will.
- The definition of voluntary action, as influenced by beliefs and desires, may not adequately represent the concept of free will perceived by individuals.
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