Philosophy of Free Will and Consciousness
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Questions and Answers

What are the three main positions on free will?

  • Determinism, Libertarianism, Compatibilism (correct)
  • Compatibilism, Determinism, Existentialism
  • Libertarianism, Dualism, Existentialism
  • Naturalism, Dualism, Free Will

    • What is the definition of Libertarianism in terms of free will?

    We are free to act in ways other than we actually do.

    What is the definition of Determinism in terms of free will?

    Everything flows from cause and effect sequences (Environment + Biology)

    What is the definition of Compatibilism in terms of free will?

    <p>Determinism does not rule out free will</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of "Subjective Measures Problem" when discussing introspection?

    <p>Introspection is biased towards certain beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are types of physicalism?

    <p>Behaviorism, Identity Theory, Computational Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Behaviorism?

    <p>Behavior &amp; Environment focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Identity Theory?

    <p>Brain Focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Computational Theory?

    <p>Information processing focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Hypothesis Testing, hypotheses can be confirmed but cannot be falsified.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scientific theories must be specified such that they can be falsified.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The general public widely views the Recovered Memory Controversy as fact.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Repressed Memory (RpM)?

    <p>Completely out of your mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Recovered Memory (RcM)?

    <p>An individual can have a repressed memory come back into their conscious mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Freudian 'Repression' considered to be in terms of defense mechanisms?

    <p>Special mechanism for forgetting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT one of the three types of memory in the Modal Model of Memory?

    <p>Episodic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of LTM Lapses?

    <p>Forgetting &amp; Retrieval Failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Forgetting in terms of LTM Lapses?

    <p>Not available; transience/decay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Failure to Retrieve in terms of LTM Lapses?

    <p>Blocking - tip of the tongue experience, retrieval cues missing (but it's available), no special mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of "Real-World relevant data" regarding the Recovered Memory Controversy? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Several cases of RcMs verified as false</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are possible explanations for "Verified Cases of Forgotten Abuse"? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Repression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of False Memories?

    <p>memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relevant Lab Data has shown that memories are "constructions".

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relevant Lab Data has shown that approximately 20% of people are susceptible to memory implantation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main takeaway regarding Eye-Witness Testimony and its implications to memory fallibility?

    <p>Eye witness testimony is not very helpful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of "Reinterpreted Memories?"

    <p>via supplied retrieval cues that aided recall of a real episode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of the "Forget-it-all-along effect?"

    <p>The claim that various biases sometimes cause individuals to overestimate the degree to which they had previously forgotten an experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Statistical Significance and Effect Size?

    <p>Statistical Significance does not necessitate any &quot;meaningful&quot; differences for every-day practical considerations, while Effect Size gets at that issue (Cohen's d)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three possible explanations for "Explaining Biological Sex Differences?"

    <p>Bias, Socio-Cultural Forces (Nurture), Biological Factors (Nature)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not uncommon to see the view that "Biology = 0" when considering sex differences.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cognitive abilities are girls typically better at? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Face Perception Skill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of an Achievement Measure?

    <p>ACT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of an Aptitude Measure?

    <p>GRE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Studies have shown that there is a clear difference in cognitive ability or interests (e.g., interest in math & science) between males and females.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural experiments help to demonstrate the influence of biology in sex differences.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The "John-Joan Case" (David Reimer) provides evidence for the significant impact of early socialization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If Biology is a factor in sex differences, what is expected in research? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Plausible biological mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are brain structural differences between males and females? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Males have a higher % of white matter and proportionately less grey matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The London Cab Study demonstrates that experience shapes brain differences.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A key limitation of looking for early differences in sex is that biological processes operate on time-lines.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one known example of a hormonal influence on sex differences?

    <p>Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are possible explanations for the dramatic discrepancies between the number of men and women at the elite university math and science departments? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Difference in Male vs Female variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are levels of explanation or analysis used to understand human behavior? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Person/Psychological Level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two intellectual tools discussed?

    <p>Bayesian Reasoning, Expected Utility / Rational Choice Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Baserate (prior probability) in Bayesian Reasoning?

    <p>Baserates (prior probability)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Baserate Neglect refer to in Bayesian Reasoning?

    <p>Baserate Neglect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept of Expected Utility / Rational Choice Theory?

    <p>Utility can be subjective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Belief Bias refers to evaluating the strength/validity of a conclusion based on the believability of the conclusion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Actively Open-Minded Thinking predicts belief change.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four components of Critical Thinking / Rationality? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Mindware/Intellectual Tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a type of Bias, as described in this content?

    <p>Cognitive Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the folk usage of bias and the descriptive usage?

    <p>Folk Usage: &quot;common sense&quot;; Descriptive usage: simply describing a bias, not necessarily bad or good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of "Myside Bias?"

    <p>Searching, Processing or interpretting evidence in a manner that favors the belief we desire to be true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of "Belief Change?"

    <p>Actively Open-Minded Thinking predicts belief change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Positions on Free Will

    • Determinism: All events, including human actions, are causally determined by prior events. Environment and biology are crucial causative factors.
    • Libertarianism: Humans have free will; they can choose to act differently than they actually do.
    • Compatibilism: Determinism and free will can coexist.

    Introspection and Free Will

    • Introspection: Subjective experience suggests a correlation between conscious will and behavior.
    • Limitations of Introspection: Subjective experiences can be prone to biases.

    Physicalism: Different Perspectives

    • Behaviorism: Focus on behavior and the environment's influence.
    • Identity Theory: Mental processes are identical to specific brain processes. A mental state is a brain state.
    • Computational Theory: Function is key, not specific structure. The same mental processes can be performed differently.

    Hypothesis Testing

    • Confirmation/Positive Test Strategy: Searching for evidence supporting a hypothesis.
    • Falsification/Negative Test Strategy: Looking for evidence that disproves a hypothesis. Scientific theories must be falsifiable.

    Memory Wars: Repressed and Recovered Memories

    • Repressed Memory (RpM): A memory completely out of conscious awareness.
    • Recovered Memory (RcM): A repressed memory surfacing back into consciousness.

    LTM - Forgetting and Retrieval Failures

    • Forgetting (Transience/Decay): Loss of memory over time.
    • Failure to Retrieve: Inability to access stored information.
    • Blocking: Difficulty retrieving a piece of information (tip-of-the-tongue).
    • Retrieval Cues: Missing cues can impede retrieval.

    False Memories

    • False Memories: Memories for events that did not happen, often influenced by suggestions.
    • Verification Challenges: Real forgotten abuse cases, verified false RcMs, and susceptibility to memory implantation.

    Eye-Witness Testimony

    • Memory Fallibility: Eyewitness accounts are often unreliable.

    Bio/Sex Differences

    • Potential Factors: Biological, sociocultural, and biases influence observed differences.
    • Differences in Cognitive Skills: Girls often outperform boys in calculation, perceptual speed, memory tasks, verbal fluency, face perception, reading/writing, and school performance (math and science). Boys may exhibit traits stronger in verbal analogies, visual-spatial reasoning, and aptitude for math.
    • Nature/Nurture: Both nature and nurture interact, as seen in the London Cab Driver study's hippocampus enlargement, related to extensive training.
    • Brain Structure: Males: higher proportion of white matter, less grey matter, greater laterization. Females: larger corpus callosum (the neural connection between hemispheres).

    Rationality and Decision Making

    • Bayesian Reasoning: Understanding prior probabilities and evidence. Baserates (prior probability) as a tool for evaluating information.
    • Expected Utility/Rational Choice Theory: Subjective utilities and probabilities influence decision making.

    Cognitive Biases

    • Belief Bias: Assessing conclusion validity based on personal beliefs.
    • Myside Bias: Interpreting evidence to support desired beliefs.
    • Motivated Bias: Desires influencing reasoning.

    Critical Thinking Components

    • Cognitive Ability (g/intelligence): Overall cognitive capacity.
    • Thinking Dispositions (Cognitive Styles): Individual approaches to thinking.
    • Mindware/Intellectual Tools: Fundamental reasoning techniques.
    • Content Knowledge: Domain-specific expertise.

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    Description

    Explore key concepts surrounding free will, including determinism, libertarianism, and compatibilism. Delve into the nature of introspection, physicalism, and hypothesis testing in relation to human behavior. This quiz will test your understanding of these philosophical ideas and their implications.

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