40 Questions
What does deontological ethics focus on?
Duty and moral rules
What is the term used to describe the thing-in-itself, independent of human perception?
Noumena
What is the name of Immanuel Kant's concept of the only thing good in-itself, without qualification?
Goodwill
What does Kant's metaphysics distinguish between?
Phenomena and noumena
What is the term used to describe ethics based on consequences?
Teleological ethics
What is the term used to describe the unconditional obligation to do something?
Categorical Imperative
According to Kant, what is the source of a priori knowledge?
Pure Reason
What is the term used to describe the capacity to recognize what is good through the will?
Practical Reason
What is the outcome of the master-slave relationship?
Domination and subjugation
What is the essential element of the relationship of possession?
Possession of another as a property
What is the main distinction made by Martin Buber in his book 'I and Thou'?
Between 'I-Thou' and 'I-It' modes of existence
What is the result of the slave performing work for the master?
The master fails to experience the transformative effect of work
What is the characteristic of bullying?
A relationship of domination and subjugation
What is the purpose of getting a certificate for honor students?
To get recognition from others
What is the outcome of true recognition?
An equal consciousness
How do we gain an understanding of who we are as persons?
Through relating with others as persons
What is characteristic of a person with an I-I relationship?
They transform the other person into their own likeness.
What is the result of a person reducing another to an object in an I-It relationship?
The other person becomes an object of observation.
What enables one to recognize what other people are going through?
Empathy
What type of relationship reduces the other person to a status of an object?
I-It Relationship
What is characteristic of an I-Thou relationship?
The other person is recognized as an independent consciousness.
What is required for a genuine conversation to take place?
Genuine Listening
What type of relationship involves a genuine form of conversation?
I-Thou Relationship
What does talking to others not immediately qualify as?
Dialogue
What was a significant factor in the 18th century development of capitalist labor practices?
Alienation and impoverishment of workers
What was Henry Ford's innovation in labor practices?
Assembly line production with labor specialization
What is the term for the consumption of signs and meanings attached to commodities?
Sign value consumption
What is the concept of 'spectacle' according to Guy Debord?
Social relations mediated by images
How did labor unions and intellectuals respond to oppressive capitalist practices?
By challenging capitalists and spreading awareness of labor power
What is the result of the introduction of 'sign value' in commodities?
Consumption driven by signs and meanings
What is the term for the society characterized by the dominance of images and signs?
Society of Spectacle
What was the impact of Henry Ford's innovations on consumer prices?
Prices decreased due to increased efficiency
What is the feeling of compassion for someone without feeling or trying to feel what the other person is feeling?
Sympathy
What according to Aristotle is the natural tendency of human beings?
To form into groups
What is the result of understanding what other people are going through, according to Emmanuel Levinas?
We are obliged to respond to their needs
What is the purpose of societies, according to Aristotle?
To fulfill basic needs for subsistence
What enables human persons to be moral and practice human virtue?
Living in a society
What is the role of 'substitution' in Emmanuel Levinas' philosophy?
To substitute our consciousness with that of others
What type of societies are mentioned in the content?
Type of Societies, Consumer Societies, and Technological Societies
Can a person practice human virtues if they are living alone?
No, human virtues require a social context
Study Notes
Approaches to Moral Reasoning
- Deontological ethics: based on duty, also called categorical imperative
- Unconditional obligation to do something, regardless of consequences
- Teleological ethics: based on consequences
- "The end justifies the means"
Immanuel Kant's Philosophy
- Pure Reason: provides a priori knowledge (before experience)
- Pure Intuition of Space and Time: provides a posteriori knowledge (after experience)
- Practical Reason: responsible for recognizing what is good through the will
- Goodwill: the only thing good in-itself, without qualification
- Freedom is exercised when reason is working to tell us what we ought to do
Recognition and Domination
- True recognition: against domination and recognition
- We gain understanding of who we are as persons as we relate with others
- Relationship of domination: master and slave, bully and victim
- Possession and mediated recognition
- Possession: treating others as property
- Mediated recognition: objects and symbols mediate the desire to be desired
Martin Buber's Philosophy
- "I and Thou" (I and You) book
- Distinguishes between "I-Thou" and "I-It" modes of existence
- I-Thou: genuine form of conversation, dialogue, and recognition
- I-It: reduction of the other into an object or tool
- I-I relationship: self-centered, others are merely a reflection of oneself
- Empathy: imagining oneself in another person's shoes to understand their feelings
- Responsibility: compelled to respond to others' needs after understanding their situation
Human Person and Society
- Aristotle: man is a political animal, naturally directed to form groups for subsistence
- Societies: formed to fulfill basic needs and allow people to live a good life
- Empower human persons to be moral and practice human virtues
- Types of societies: consumer, technological, and others
Exploitation and Alienation
- 18th century: oppression, alienation, and impoverishment of workers
- Workers expected to work long hours with minimal wages
- Labor Unions and intellectuals raised awareness of labor power
- Henry Ford's Fordism: labor specialization and assembly line production
- Led to emergence of worker-consumer and consumer society
- Sign consumption and the society of spectacle
- Consumption changed by adding sign value (advertising, image relations)
- Society of Spectacle: social relations mediated by images, not just a collection of images
Quiz on moral reasoning approaches, including Kant's metaphysics, and practical choice in hypothetical and actual situations.
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