Philosophy - Moral Reasoning Approaches

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Questions and Answers

What does deontological ethics focus on?

The end goal or outcome

Duty and moral rules (correct)

Consequences of an action

Personal comfort and happiness

What is the term used to describe the thing-in-itself, independent of human perception?

Deontology

Phenomena

Noumena (correct)

Categorical Imperative

What is the name of Immanuel Kant's concept of the only thing good in-itself, without qualification?

Categorical Imperative

Deontology

Goodwill (correct)

Utilitarianism

What does Kant's metaphysics distinguish between?

Phenomena and noumena Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe ethics based on consequences?

Teleological ethics Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the unconditional obligation to do something?

Categorical Imperative Signup and view all the answers

According to Kant, what is the source of a priori knowledge?

Pure Reason Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the capacity to recognize what is good through the will?

Practical Reason Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the master-slave relationship?

Domination and subjugation Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential element of the relationship of possession?

Possession of another as a property Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction made by Martin Buber in his book 'I and Thou'?

Between 'I-Thou' and 'I-It' modes of existence Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the slave performing work for the master?

The master fails to experience the transformative effect of work Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of bullying?

A relationship of domination and subjugation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of getting a certificate for honor students?

To get recognition from others Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of true recognition?

An equal consciousness Signup and view all the answers

How do we gain an understanding of who we are as persons?

Through relating with others as persons Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of a person with an I-I relationship?

They transform the other person into their own likeness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a person reducing another to an object in an I-It relationship?

The other person becomes an object of observation. Signup and view all the answers

What enables one to recognize what other people are going through?

Empathy Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship reduces the other person to a status of an object?

I-It Relationship Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of an I-Thou relationship?

The other person is recognized as an independent consciousness. Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a genuine conversation to take place?

Genuine Listening Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship involves a genuine form of conversation?

I-Thou Relationship Signup and view all the answers

What does talking to others not immediately qualify as?

Dialogue Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor in the 18th century development of capitalist labor practices?

Alienation and impoverishment of workers Signup and view all the answers

What was Henry Ford's innovation in labor practices?

Assembly line production with labor specialization Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the consumption of signs and meanings attached to commodities?

Sign value consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'spectacle' according to Guy Debord?

Social relations mediated by images Signup and view all the answers

How did labor unions and intellectuals respond to oppressive capitalist practices?

By challenging capitalists and spreading awareness of labor power Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the introduction of 'sign value' in commodities?

Consumption driven by signs and meanings Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the society characterized by the dominance of images and signs?

Society of Spectacle Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of Henry Ford's innovations on consumer prices?

Prices decreased due to increased efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the feeling of compassion for someone without feeling or trying to feel what the other person is feeling?

Sympathy Signup and view all the answers

What according to Aristotle is the natural tendency of human beings?

To form into groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of understanding what other people are going through, according to Emmanuel Levinas?

We are obliged to respond to their needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of societies, according to Aristotle?

To fulfill basic needs for subsistence Signup and view all the answers

What enables human persons to be moral and practice human virtue?

Living in a society Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'substitution' in Emmanuel Levinas' philosophy?

To substitute our consciousness with that of others Signup and view all the answers

What type of societies are mentioned in the content?

Type of Societies, Consumer Societies, and Technological Societies Signup and view all the answers

Can a person practice human virtues if they are living alone?

No, human virtues require a social context Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Approaches to Moral Reasoning

Deontological ethics: based on duty, also called categorical imperative
- Unconditional obligation to do something, regardless of consequences
Teleological ethics: based on consequences
- "The end justifies the means"

Immanuel Kant's Philosophy

Pure Reason: provides a priori knowledge (before experience)
Pure Intuition of Space and Time: provides a posteriori knowledge (after experience)
Practical Reason: responsible for recognizing what is good through the will
- Goodwill: the only thing good in-itself, without qualification
- Freedom is exercised when reason is working to tell us what we ought to do

Recognition and Domination

True recognition: against domination and recognition
- We gain understanding of who we are as persons as we relate with others
- Relationship of domination: master and slave, bully and victim
Possession and mediated recognition
- Possession: treating others as property
- Mediated recognition: objects and symbols mediate the desire to be desired

Martin Buber's Philosophy

"I and Thou" (I and You) book
- Distinguishes between "I-Thou" and "I-It" modes of existence
- I-Thou: genuine form of conversation, dialogue, and recognition
- I-It: reduction of the other into an object or tool
I-I relationship: self-centered, others are merely a reflection of oneself
Empathy: imagining oneself in another person's shoes to understand their feelings
Responsibility: compelled to respond to others' needs after understanding their situation

Human Person and Society

Aristotle: man is a political animal, naturally directed to form groups for subsistence
Societies: formed to fulfill basic needs and allow people to live a good life
- Empower human persons to be moral and practice human virtues
Types of societies: consumer, technological, and others

Exploitation and Alienation

18th century: oppression, alienation, and impoverishment of workers
- Workers expected to work long hours with minimal wages
- Labor Unions and intellectuals raised awareness of labor power
Henry Ford's Fordism: labor specialization and assembly line production
- Led to emergence of worker-consumer and consumer society
Sign consumption and the society of spectacle
- Consumption changed by adding sign value (advertising, image relations)
- Society of Spectacle: social relations mediated by images, not just a collection of images

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Description

Quiz on moral reasoning approaches, including Kant's metaphysics, and practical choice in hypothetical and actual situations.