Philosophy - Moral Reasoning Approaches
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Questions and Answers

What does deontological ethics focus on?

  • The end goal or outcome
  • Duty and moral rules (correct)
  • Consequences of an action
  • Personal comfort and happiness

    • What is the term used to describe the thing-in-itself, independent of human perception?

  • Deontology
  • Phenomena
  • Noumena (correct)
  • Categorical Imperative

    • What is the name of Immanuel Kant's concept of the only thing good in-itself, without qualification?

  • Categorical Imperative
  • Deontology
  • Goodwill (correct)
  • Utilitarianism

    • What does Kant's metaphysics distinguish between?

    <p>Phenomena and noumena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe ethics based on consequences?

    <p>Teleological ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the unconditional obligation to do something?

    <p>Categorical Imperative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kant, what is the source of a priori knowledge?

    <p>Pure Reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the capacity to recognize what is good through the will?

    <p>Practical Reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the master-slave relationship?

    <p>Domination and subjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential element of the relationship of possession?

    <p>Possession of another as a property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction made by Martin Buber in his book 'I and Thou'?

    <p>Between 'I-Thou' and 'I-It' modes of existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the slave performing work for the master?

    <p>The master fails to experience the transformative effect of work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of bullying?

    <p>A relationship of domination and subjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of getting a certificate for honor students?

    <p>To get recognition from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of true recognition?

    <p>An equal consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do we gain an understanding of who we are as persons?

    <p>Through relating with others as persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of a person with an I-I relationship?

    <p>They transform the other person into their own likeness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a person reducing another to an object in an I-It relationship?

    <p>The other person becomes an object of observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables one to recognize what other people are going through?

    <p>Empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship reduces the other person to a status of an object?

    <p>I-It Relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of an I-Thou relationship?

    <p>The other person is recognized as an independent consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a genuine conversation to take place?

    <p>Genuine Listening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship involves a genuine form of conversation?

    <p>I-Thou Relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does talking to others not immediately qualify as?

    <p>Dialogue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor in the 18th century development of capitalist labor practices?

    <p>Alienation and impoverishment of workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Henry Ford's innovation in labor practices?

    <p>Assembly line production with labor specialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the consumption of signs and meanings attached to commodities?

    <p>Sign value consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of 'spectacle' according to Guy Debord?

    <p>Social relations mediated by images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did labor unions and intellectuals respond to oppressive capitalist practices?

    <p>By challenging capitalists and spreading awareness of labor power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the introduction of 'sign value' in commodities?

    <p>Consumption driven by signs and meanings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the society characterized by the dominance of images and signs?

    <p>Society of Spectacle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of Henry Ford's innovations on consumer prices?

    <p>Prices decreased due to increased efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the feeling of compassion for someone without feeling or trying to feel what the other person is feeling?

    <p>Sympathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What according to Aristotle is the natural tendency of human beings?

    <p>To form into groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of understanding what other people are going through, according to Emmanuel Levinas?

    <p>We are obliged to respond to their needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of societies, according to Aristotle?

    <p>To fulfill basic needs for subsistence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables human persons to be moral and practice human virtue?

    <p>Living in a society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 'substitution' in Emmanuel Levinas' philosophy?

    <p>To substitute our consciousness with that of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of societies are mentioned in the content?

    <p>Type of Societies, Consumer Societies, and Technological Societies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can a person practice human virtues if they are living alone?

    <p>No, human virtues require a social context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Approaches to Moral Reasoning

    • Deontological ethics: based on duty, also called categorical imperative
      • Unconditional obligation to do something, regardless of consequences
    • Teleological ethics: based on consequences
      • "The end justifies the means"

    Immanuel Kant's Philosophy

    • Pure Reason: provides a priori knowledge (before experience)
    • Pure Intuition of Space and Time: provides a posteriori knowledge (after experience)
    • Practical Reason: responsible for recognizing what is good through the will
      • Goodwill: the only thing good in-itself, without qualification
      • Freedom is exercised when reason is working to tell us what we ought to do

    Recognition and Domination

    • True recognition: against domination and recognition
      • We gain understanding of who we are as persons as we relate with others
      • Relationship of domination: master and slave, bully and victim
    • Possession and mediated recognition
      • Possession: treating others as property
      • Mediated recognition: objects and symbols mediate the desire to be desired

    Martin Buber's Philosophy

    • "I and Thou" (I and You) book
      • Distinguishes between "I-Thou" and "I-It" modes of existence
      • I-Thou: genuine form of conversation, dialogue, and recognition
      • I-It: reduction of the other into an object or tool
    • I-I relationship: self-centered, others are merely a reflection of oneself
    • Empathy: imagining oneself in another person's shoes to understand their feelings
    • Responsibility: compelled to respond to others' needs after understanding their situation

    Human Person and Society

    • Aristotle: man is a political animal, naturally directed to form groups for subsistence
    • Societies: formed to fulfill basic needs and allow people to live a good life
      • Empower human persons to be moral and practice human virtues
    • Types of societies: consumer, technological, and others

    Exploitation and Alienation

    • 18th century: oppression, alienation, and impoverishment of workers
      • Workers expected to work long hours with minimal wages
      • Labor Unions and intellectuals raised awareness of labor power
    • Henry Ford's Fordism: labor specialization and assembly line production
      • Led to emergence of worker-consumer and consumer society
    • Sign consumption and the society of spectacle
      • Consumption changed by adding sign value (advertising, image relations)
      • Society of Spectacle: social relations mediated by images, not just a collection of images

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    Description

    Quiz on moral reasoning approaches, including Kant's metaphysics, and practical choice in hypothetical and actual situations.

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