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Questions and Answers
What does deontological ethics focus on?
What does deontological ethics focus on?
- The end goal or outcome
- Duty and moral rules (correct)
- Consequences of an action
- Personal comfort and happiness
What is the term used to describe the thing-in-itself, independent of human perception?
What is the term used to describe the thing-in-itself, independent of human perception?
- Deontology
- Phenomena
- Noumena (correct)
- Categorical Imperative
What is the name of Immanuel Kant's concept of the only thing good in-itself, without qualification?
What is the name of Immanuel Kant's concept of the only thing good in-itself, without qualification?
- Categorical Imperative
- Deontology
- Goodwill (correct)
- Utilitarianism
What does Kant's metaphysics distinguish between?
What does Kant's metaphysics distinguish between?
What is the term used to describe ethics based on consequences?
What is the term used to describe ethics based on consequences?
What is the term used to describe the unconditional obligation to do something?
What is the term used to describe the unconditional obligation to do something?
According to Kant, what is the source of a priori knowledge?
According to Kant, what is the source of a priori knowledge?
What is the term used to describe the capacity to recognize what is good through the will?
What is the term used to describe the capacity to recognize what is good through the will?
What is the outcome of the master-slave relationship?
What is the outcome of the master-slave relationship?
What is the essential element of the relationship of possession?
What is the essential element of the relationship of possession?
What is the main distinction made by Martin Buber in his book 'I and Thou'?
What is the main distinction made by Martin Buber in his book 'I and Thou'?
What is the result of the slave performing work for the master?
What is the result of the slave performing work for the master?
What is the characteristic of bullying?
What is the characteristic of bullying?
What is the purpose of getting a certificate for honor students?
What is the purpose of getting a certificate for honor students?
What is the outcome of true recognition?
What is the outcome of true recognition?
How do we gain an understanding of who we are as persons?
How do we gain an understanding of who we are as persons?
What is characteristic of a person with an I-I relationship?
What is characteristic of a person with an I-I relationship?
What is the result of a person reducing another to an object in an I-It relationship?
What is the result of a person reducing another to an object in an I-It relationship?
What enables one to recognize what other people are going through?
What enables one to recognize what other people are going through?
What type of relationship reduces the other person to a status of an object?
What type of relationship reduces the other person to a status of an object?
What is characteristic of an I-Thou relationship?
What is characteristic of an I-Thou relationship?
What is required for a genuine conversation to take place?
What is required for a genuine conversation to take place?
What type of relationship involves a genuine form of conversation?
What type of relationship involves a genuine form of conversation?
What does talking to others not immediately qualify as?
What does talking to others not immediately qualify as?
What was a significant factor in the 18th century development of capitalist labor practices?
What was a significant factor in the 18th century development of capitalist labor practices?
What was Henry Ford's innovation in labor practices?
What was Henry Ford's innovation in labor practices?
What is the term for the consumption of signs and meanings attached to commodities?
What is the term for the consumption of signs and meanings attached to commodities?
What is the concept of 'spectacle' according to Guy Debord?
What is the concept of 'spectacle' according to Guy Debord?
How did labor unions and intellectuals respond to oppressive capitalist practices?
How did labor unions and intellectuals respond to oppressive capitalist practices?
What is the result of the introduction of 'sign value' in commodities?
What is the result of the introduction of 'sign value' in commodities?
What is the term for the society characterized by the dominance of images and signs?
What is the term for the society characterized by the dominance of images and signs?
What was the impact of Henry Ford's innovations on consumer prices?
What was the impact of Henry Ford's innovations on consumer prices?
What is the feeling of compassion for someone without feeling or trying to feel what the other person is feeling?
What is the feeling of compassion for someone without feeling or trying to feel what the other person is feeling?
What according to Aristotle is the natural tendency of human beings?
What according to Aristotle is the natural tendency of human beings?
What is the result of understanding what other people are going through, according to Emmanuel Levinas?
What is the result of understanding what other people are going through, according to Emmanuel Levinas?
What is the purpose of societies, according to Aristotle?
What is the purpose of societies, according to Aristotle?
What enables human persons to be moral and practice human virtue?
What enables human persons to be moral and practice human virtue?
What is the role of 'substitution' in Emmanuel Levinas' philosophy?
What is the role of 'substitution' in Emmanuel Levinas' philosophy?
What type of societies are mentioned in the content?
What type of societies are mentioned in the content?
Can a person practice human virtues if they are living alone?
Can a person practice human virtues if they are living alone?
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Study Notes
Approaches to Moral Reasoning
- Deontological ethics: based on duty, also called categorical imperative
- Unconditional obligation to do something, regardless of consequences
- Teleological ethics: based on consequences
- "The end justifies the means"
Immanuel Kant's Philosophy
- Pure Reason: provides a priori knowledge (before experience)
- Pure Intuition of Space and Time: provides a posteriori knowledge (after experience)
- Practical Reason: responsible for recognizing what is good through the will
- Goodwill: the only thing good in-itself, without qualification
- Freedom is exercised when reason is working to tell us what we ought to do
Recognition and Domination
- True recognition: against domination and recognition
- We gain understanding of who we are as persons as we relate with others
- Relationship of domination: master and slave, bully and victim
- Possession and mediated recognition
- Possession: treating others as property
- Mediated recognition: objects and symbols mediate the desire to be desired
Martin Buber's Philosophy
- "I and Thou" (I and You) book
- Distinguishes between "I-Thou" and "I-It" modes of existence
- I-Thou: genuine form of conversation, dialogue, and recognition
- I-It: reduction of the other into an object or tool
- I-I relationship: self-centered, others are merely a reflection of oneself
- Empathy: imagining oneself in another person's shoes to understand their feelings
- Responsibility: compelled to respond to others' needs after understanding their situation
Human Person and Society
- Aristotle: man is a political animal, naturally directed to form groups for subsistence
- Societies: formed to fulfill basic needs and allow people to live a good life
- Empower human persons to be moral and practice human virtues
- Types of societies: consumer, technological, and others
Exploitation and Alienation
- 18th century: oppression, alienation, and impoverishment of workers
- Workers expected to work long hours with minimal wages
- Labor Unions and intellectuals raised awareness of labor power
- Henry Ford's Fordism: labor specialization and assembly line production
- Led to emergence of worker-consumer and consumer society
- Sign consumption and the society of spectacle
- Consumption changed by adding sign value (advertising, image relations)
- Society of Spectacle: social relations mediated by images, not just a collection of images
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