Philosophy Module 8: The Good
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Questions and Answers

What is described as the 'befitting good'?

  • Good that is pleasant and useful
  • Good that is solely based on societal approval
  • Good that is noble and righteous (correct)
  • Good that only benefits oneself

What distinguishes the moral good from other kinds of good?

  • It is solely dependent on cultural norms
  • It is always associated with personal pleasure
  • It can be optional for individuals
  • It is necessary and obligatory (correct)

What does the author suggest about human existence in relation to the good?

  • Humans must seek the good throughout life (correct)
  • Humans are naturally born with the good
  • Humans should disregard the good to find fulfillment
  • Humans achieve the good without effort

What does the term 'intrinsic good' refer to?

<p>Good that is independent of its effect on others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two different senses of 'ought' mentioned in the discussion?

<p>Moral and nonmoral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'duty' play in relation to the moral good?

<p>It compels individuals to adhere to moral responsibilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do people engage in the quest for the good, according to the author?

<p>To escape from personal emptiness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'emptiness clamors to be filled' signify?

<p>A fundamental human need for fulfillment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of values according to the passage?

<p>Values are bipolar, possessing both positive and negative poles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the construction of a complete scale of values considered difficult?

<p>Values are numerous and have many unrelated kinds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the passage imply about the relationship between values and expectations?

<p>Values transcend our expectations, often falling short. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do subjectivist philosophers view the nature of value?

<p>Values are conferred based on personal attitudes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence does the passage provide to support the existence of values?

<p>The existence of preferences among individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes objective values according to the text?

<p>They exist independently but are recognized through subjective perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates a subjective value?

<p>A person's preference for chocolate over vanilla ice cream. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do polls and popular votes relate to the concept of value discussed in the passage?

<p>They represent aggregate subjective values of individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates moral necessity from other types of necessity?

<p>It guides us in the fitting use of our freedom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the phrase 'the apparent good can beckon with alluring smiles'?

<p>Moral good is often less desirable than apparent good. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is moral necessity characterized in relation to human freedom?

<p>It combines necessity and freedom in decision-making. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes failure in moral pursuits from failure in artistic or scientific endeavors?

<p>Moral failure indicates a lack of character. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied about the consequences of refusing to act according to moral necessity?

<p>It leads to personal loss or moral failure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the hypothetical scenario involving a man and a fortune, what is the key reason why the murder should not be committed?

<p>It goes against the moral implications of being human. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'the genuine good gravely points to the harder path' suggest?

<p>The harder path requires more personal effort and integrity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate implication of acting on moral necessity?

<p>One's actions reflect their true self and values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates our emotional involvement from an objective stance in understanding reality?

<p>Emotional involvement highlights subjective values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do emotions contribute to our awareness of reality?

<p>They show us the values inherent in the world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of reality do emotions NOT contribute to according to the content?

<p>The physical characteristics of people. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied about the desire for objectivity in understanding reality?

<p>It is influenced by underlying emotional desires. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do emotions play in relation to our experiences?

<p>They guide how we relate to people and situations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is often synonymous with emotional life according to the content?

<p>Feeling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about the nature of emotions in relation to reality?

<p>Emotions enhance our conscious engagement with reality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do emotional responses reveal according to the content?

<p>The significance and value in the world around us. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of emotion in relation to objective value?

<p>Emotion is an immediate and direct awareness of objective value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does emotion differ from intellectual processes according to the content?

<p>Emotion is preconceptual and is not reducible to what intellect knows. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does emotion play in ethical willing?

<p>Emotion grounds all will activity based on value appreciation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can emotion reveal about an object or experience?

<p>The object, person, or event reveals itself as having a value dimension. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must take a subordinate place if a moral value conflicts with another type of value?

<p>Other values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for the will to be actualized ethically?

<p>Emotion must insightfully present value. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the concept of moral integrity?

<p>Maintaining one's truthfulness is essential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the moral ideal defined in the context of good conduct?

<p>The highest expectations of an individual's actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described as the immediate experience of value?

<p>The insightful nature of emotion as value appreciation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the relationship between emotion and value is accurate?

<p>Primary values present themselves through emotion, not reasoning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do emotions play in recognizing values in others?

<p>They help identify the core values of others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the moral ideal considered not subjective?

<p>It is constructed from recognized values in life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does emotion facilitate interaction with reality?

<p>By allowing reality to reveal its value dimension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for good conduct to make a person be regarded as good?

<p>Evidence of consistent positive actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the formation of a moral ideal depend on?

<p>The values derived from those we emotionally connect with (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of losing personal moral integrity?

<p>Diminishing respect from others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

The Good

Anything that satisfies a human's need or desire for fulfillment and perfection.

Befitting Good

A good that perfects a person's character.

Intrinsic Good

A good that is valuable in itself, independently of its effects on others.

Moral Good

The good that is obligatory and necessary; a good life & person.

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Nonmoral Ought

A suggestion or recommendation, but not a strict obligation.

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Moral Ought

A strict obligation to act morally.

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Human Conduct

Actions and choices that aim towards some good.

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Obligation of the Moral Good

The necessary duty and requirement to live morally.

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Moral Ought

A necessity that guides how we should act, based on the fitting use of our freedom, not based on logic, metaphysics, physics, biology, or psychology.

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Apparent Good

Something that seems good at first glance but might not be morally good.

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Genuine Good

Morally right action.

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Moral Necessity

The obligation to act morally well, even if acting otherwise is possible.

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Practical Necessity

The moral need to choose among possible actions.

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Freedom

The ability to choose between actions that is accompanied by moral necessity.

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Failure as Fault

When a failure in one's own actions (not outside factors) is a fault. This only applies to actions pertaining to a person's moral being.

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Human Success

Success in moral terms, or as a human being.

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Value Scale

A ranked list of values based on personal preferences, measuring relative worth.

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Bipolar Values

Values existing in opposite pairs (e.g., good/bad, beautiful/ugly).

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Heterogeneous Values

Values are diverse, not all alike, making a single value scale difficult.

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Values Transcending Facts

Values always exceed what is actually present; they are aspirational.

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Value Subjectivity

Personal values can be based on individual preferences, feelings, & experiences.

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Objective vs. Subjective Value

Debate whether things have intrinsic worth in themselves or are valued based on attitudes.

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Subjective Preferences

Personal preferences might be arbitrary and not reflect universal worth; based on conditioning and tastes.

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Social Values

Shared values within communities and societies; their legitimacy isn't necessarily objective.

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Emotional Involvement

Our focus on aspects of reality that are personally important, leading to subjective experiences of value.

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Subjective vs. Objective

Comparing how we perceive reality through emotions (subjective) with how we perceive it without emotional involvement (objective).

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Value in Reality

The idea that reality is more than just facts; it includes personal value judgments.

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Emotions and Thinking

Emotions are a crucial part of our awareness and response to the world, even in seemingly objective pursuits.

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Emotional Stance

Our emotional perspective shapes our perception, even our attempts to be objective.

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Experiencing Value

Experiences of values originate in the awareness of importance.

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Emotions as Orientation

Emotions help us connect with people, situations, and ideas.

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Excited About Something

A particular example of emotion highlighting the valuable nature of a person or aspect.

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Emotional Value Appreciation

Direct and immediate awareness of objective value through emotion, experienced without mediating thought.

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Emotion as Value Revelation

Emotion isn't just a feeling; it's a directedness towards something valuable revealing its worth.

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Primary Values

Fundamental values that are experienced directly without needing additional reasoning or concepts.

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Will and Emotion Connection

Will (actions) depend on emotional appreciation of value, not abstract concepts or judgments.

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Objective Value

Value independent of personal opinion or feelings, but perceived through emotion.

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Preconceptual Insight

Understanding value through emotion before we form any intellectual concept about it.

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Emotion's Directedness

Emotion has a natural tendency to focus on objects, people, or even wider realities and the value they possess.

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Irreducible Value Knowledge

Value understood via emotion cannot be reduced to what is known through senses or intellect; it transcends.

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Moral Value Conflict Resolution

When a moral value clashes with another value, the moral value takes precedence.

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Personal Moral Integrity

Being true to one's moral values, even if sacrifices are necessary.

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Moral Ideal

An image of ideal human conduct and character, derived from observed values.

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Moral Ideal: Source

The moral ideal originates from the core values observed in others, especially significant people like parents and relatives.

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Moral Conduct & Personhood

Moral conduct defines a good person; good acts demonstrate a good person.

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Moral Ideal: Not Subjective

The moral ideal is not arbitrary; it's based on observed values and real-life examples.

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Moral Judgment & Ideal

Moral judgments inherently involve an ideal of conduct, and it's not about fantasy or aesthetics, but a moral standard.

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Obligation in Moral Value

Moral values imply a sense of obligation to act in accordance with them.

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Study Notes

Module 8: The Good

  • Learning Outcomes: Students should be able to define the kinds of goodness, determine the good as an end, and apply the existence of moral values.

Defining the Kinds of Goodness

  • Subjective Morality Insufficient: Subjective morality alone is insufficient; sincerity is not the same as truth in moral matters.
  • Conscience Can Be Erroneous: Conscience can be mistaken, either easily correctable (vincible) or hard to correct (invincible).
  • Objective Morality Necessary: Objective morality, to which conscience should align, is needed as subjective morality alone is not enough.

Determining the Good as an End

  • Good is Definable?: Is the good definable? Is the good to be sought? Is the good valuable in and of itself?
  • Naturalistic Fallacy: Reducing good to something else is not defining it. Good is irreducible (cannot be broken down).
  • Good as End (Teleology): All things aim for a good; the essence of a being dictates a purpose.
  • Human Beings and Ends: Human beings, like other beings, have natures directing them to ends; freedom is not an obstacle but essential to reaching these ends.

Definability of Good

  • Good as End vs. Value: The good as an end is different from a simple value. The good, as an aspect of a being's perfection, is inherent and not only in relation to a person.
  • Moral Values vs. Other Values: Moral values are different from other values; they are more fundamental. They concern the goodness of a person themselves.
  • Objective vs Subjective Value Judgment: Values are objective when they are intrinsically valuable, and subjective when a person decides something is valuable to them.

Moral Necessity

  • Moral Values and Obligation: Moral values imply obligation; these are distinct from other values. Moral goodness is in acts that create goodness, but also in the person themselves.
  • Good as Intrinsic Value: Moral value is not merely instrumental or relative; it is essential.
  • Moral Ideal: Humans form moral ideals, reflecting our value judgments and shaping choices.
  • Moral Value and Individual Actions: Moral values are not simply general beliefs but manifest in a person's voluntary actions and choices.

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Module 8: The Good - PDF

Description

Explore the complexities of goodness in this quiz based on Module 8. It examines subjective and objective morality, the role of conscience, and the notion of good as an end. Engage with critical philosophical concepts to deepen your understanding of moral values.

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