Philosophy Influencers and Concepts Quiz

The General Will, according to Rousseau, represents the collective good of society, reflecting what is best for everyone, not just individual interests. It emerges through deliberation and participation, making it a core principle of participatory democracy.

Karl Popper, a philosopher of science and politics, criticized thinkers like Plato, Hegel, and Marx for their closed systems of thought and their tendency towards authoritarianism, which he saw as threats to an open and free society.

The Frankfurt School, a group of critical theorists, focused on analyzing social and cultural structures that maintain power imbalances. Carole Patman is not a member of this group, unlike Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, and Jürgen Habermas.

Karl Marx, a revolutionary thinker, wrote extensively on political economy, criticizing capitalism and advocating for a socialist revolution. While 'Das Kapital' and 'The German Ideology' are his works, 'The State and Revolution' was written by Vladimir Lenin.

David Gauthier, a political theorist known for his work in game theory and ethics, developed the concept of "Justice as Mutual Advantage." This theory suggests that cooperation and justice are beneficial for all parties involved, leading to a mutually advantageous outcome.

Johan Galtung, a sociologist and peace researcher, introduced the concept of "negative and positive peace." Negative peace refers to the absence of violence, while positive peace refers to a state of equilibrium and justice within a society, encompassing social, economic, and environmental factors.

This quote, advocating for the collective wisdom of the people, was likely said by Aristotle. He argued that a polity, a government ruled by the many, can achieve a greater good than an oligarchy or a monarchy, as the collective judgment of a diverse group can surpass that of a few elites.

Anthony Downs, a political scientist, applied economic models to analyze political behavior. He explored topics like rational choice theory and voting behavior, using economic concepts like utility maximization to understand political decision-making.

A state without justice is like a band of robbers, lacking the moral foundation for its existence.

Property is inherently unjust, as it involves the appropriation of resources that should belong to everyone.

Natural rights are not grounded in reality but are rather abstract and idealistic concepts.

Treating equals equally and unequals unequally ensures fairness by considering individual differences and circumstances.

Plato's idea to prevent corruption of the ruling class through communal living, where wives and property are shared.

The idea that people voluntarily surrender some of their rights and autonomy in exchange for the benefits of a state.

Hobbes believed that citizens give up their right to govern themselves in a social contract, creating a sovereign authority.

Locke argued that while natural rights can be limited by social contracts, individuals retain the right to rebel if the government acts arbitrarily.

A framework for understanding politics as an interconnected system, with inputs (demands, support), throughputs (processes, institutions), and outputs (laws, policies), all interacting with the environment.

This approach views political institutions as the key drivers of behavior. It emphasizes how institutions, formal and informal, shape political outcomes, such as the creation and enforcement of rules, the distribution of power, and the resolution of conflicts.

An approach that emphasizes the historical context and evolution of political systems. It explores how past events and developments have shaped current political structures, institutions, and processes.

This approach views political systems as composed of interconnected parts, each fulfilling a specific function. It analyzes how different parts of the system, such as political parties, interest groups, and the judiciary, contribute to the overall functioning of the political system.

It focuses on the role of the political system in mobilizing and using resources to address societal issues such as economic development, social welfare, and security.

Political communication is considered part of the throughput process - the internal workings of the system, not a direct output. Outputs are the direct results of the system functioning, like laws and policies.

Old Institutionalism focuses more on ‘hard’ rules and formal organizations, while new Institutionalism incorporates 'soft' rules and informal organizations. The old approach is traditional and primarily descriptive, while the new approach is analytical, explanatory, and empirical.

Philosophical New Institutionalism is not a recognized category within the New Institutional approach. The other categories - rational choice, cultural/sociological, and structural - represent key variations within this framework.

A political system that rejects the principles of democracy, such as majority rule, individual rights, and free and fair elections.

A political system that limits the diversity of opinions and suppresses opposition. It often restricts freedom of speech, assembly, and the media.

A political system that aims to suppress or eliminate fascism, which is characterized by authoritarianism, nationalism, and a strong emphasis on military strength.

A political system that rejects both democratic principles and the acceptance of multiple viewpoints, seeking to control all aspects of society.

A system of government where the electorate chooses representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

A system of government that directly involves citizens in decision-making.

A system of government where a single party or individual holds all power, typically suppressing opposition and limiting individual rights.

A system of government where the government controls all aspects of society, including the economy, social life, and often culture.

The US Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over disputes between states but cannot review laws based solely on the 'due process of law'.

The Swiss constitution emphasizes a strongly centralized, unchangeable federal system.

The first three articles of the US constitution establish the separation of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government.

Totalitarianism involves state control over all aspects of a citizen's life, while authoritarianism focuses on ruling without accountability and restricting citizen rights but doesn't necessarily attempt to control all aspects of life.

Charles Merriam authored 'The Process of Government', a book that examines the functioning of government, while David Easton wrote 'The Political System', a book that approaches politics as a system.

Institutional interest groups are embedded within established institutions like the legislature, bureaucracy, or corporations.

Anomic interest groups arise from spontaneous outbursts, often fueled by emotions or dissatisfaction.

Associational interest groups are formal organizations with defined membership and goals, like professional associations.

The early period of Public Administration was marked by a lack of clear identity and purpose. This stage lacked definitive theoretical frameworks, and its focus was more on practical tasks rather than conceptual development.

This period was characterized by the development of principles for effective administration. These principles aimed to streamline processes, promote efficiency, and establish a rational framework for government operations. Key thinkers of this era include Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol.

The era of challenge saw a shift towards a more nuanced understanding of Public Administration. This stage emphasized accountability, efficiency, and responsiveness to the public. New ideas like the 'New Public Administration' challenged traditional principles and advocated for a more participatory approach.

This era focused on separating the political sphere from administrative activities. The goal was to ensure a neutral and impartial bureaucracy free from undue political influence. Key figures include Woodrow Wilson who is credited with laying the foundation for this concept. The separation sought to create a more efficient and professional administration.

This period marked a shift towards a more active and policy-driven approach. Public Administration focused on analyzing policies, evaluating their effectiveness, and contributing to policy formulation. Key concepts like 'policy analysis' and 'implementation' took center stage, reflecting a more proactive role in government.

Mooney and Reiley were pioneers in the field of organizational management. Their four principles of organization, Coordination, Scalar Process, Unity of Command, and Functional Differentiation, provided a framework for understanding how organizations should operate. These principles were later widely adopted and continue to be relevant for organizations today.

Henri Fayol, a French industrialist and management theorist, is known for his Five Functions of Management: Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, and Controlling (POCCC). These functions are an essential set for any manager working to improve efficiency and productivity.

Aaron Wildavsky, a renowned political scientist, defined a budget as "a series of goals with price tags attached." This definition highlights the significant role of budgets in translating political priorities into concrete actions and resource allocation.