Philosophy in Ancient Greece

Ancient Greek philosophers initiated a significant shift in perspective around 500 B.C.E., altering worldviews.
The Paleolithic Age, marked by the use of simple stone tools, dates back approximately 2.4 million years.
The Mesolithic Age represents an evolution in tool-making and hunting techniques, bridging the gap to the Neolithic Age.
The Neolithic Age, occurring roughly from 10,000 to 4,000 B.C.E., saw a transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture.

Mesopotamia is located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in regions now comprising Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait, and Turkey.
Early civilizations such as Sumer, Assyria, and Babylonia emerged around 3300-750 B.C.E.
The development of large-scale agricultural practices by Sumerians around the fourth millennium B.C.E. led to urbanization and societal advancements.

The Sumerians created cuneiform, a writing system inscribed on clay tablets.
Sailboats developed by the Sumerians facilitated maritime trade with neighboring cultures.
A sexagesimal number system (base 60) was established, influencing time and mathematical calculations.
A lunar calendar, accounting for the phases of the moon, formed the basis for a 12-month year.

Babylonians, based in the ancient city of Babylon, enhanced Sumerian knowledge, particularly in astronomy and calendrical systems.
The Babylonian lunar calendar divided the year into 12 months, alternating between 29 and 30 days, forming a prototype for later calendars.

Phoenicia saw the birth of simplified alphabets around 3300 years ago, facilitating broader literacy beyond trained scribes.
Egyptians integrated hieroglyphs into their writing on papyrus, contributing to record-keeping and communication.

The shadoof, a hand-operated irrigation device, revolutionized agricultural practices in ancient Egypt.
The invention of a heavy plough allowed for deeper tilling of soil, significantly impacting farming efficiency.
Egyptians also innovated in perfumery, creating honey breath mints by combining herbs and spices with honey for refreshing scents.

Both Sumerians and Egyptians developed numerical systems for accounting and administration.
Mathematical tables were created to facilitate operations like multiplication, division, and square roots.