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Questions and Answers
Which of these statements is TRUE about utilitarianism?
Which of these statements is TRUE about utilitarianism?
According to Kant, reason is the basis for determining the moral law.
According to Kant, reason is the basis for determining the moral law.
True
What is the main difference between utilitarianism and Kantianism?
What is the main difference between utilitarianism and Kantianism?
Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences of actions, while Kantianism emphasizes the intentions behind actions.
The categorical imperative is a fundamental rule of conduct that does not admit ______.
The categorical imperative is a fundamental rule of conduct that does not admit ______.
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Match the following philosophers with their corresponding ethical theories:
Match the following philosophers with their corresponding ethical theories:
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Which formulation of the categorical imperative is described by the statement: 'Do not use other people as a means to some other end.'?
Which formulation of the categorical imperative is described by the statement: 'Do not use other people as a means to some other end.'?
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Kant's philosophy relied heavily on religious scripture.
Kant's philosophy relied heavily on religious scripture.
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What is the main problem with relying on Thomism for ethical guidance, according to Kant?
What is the main problem with relying on Thomism for ethical guidance, according to Kant?
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What does the church recognize as valuable in terms of understanding life?
What does the church recognize as valuable in terms of understanding life?
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Evil is often defined as the presence of God.
Evil is often defined as the presence of God.
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What concept does the definition of good emphasize in relation to society?
What concept does the definition of good emphasize in relation to society?
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According to some philosophers, human beings can recognize the difference between _______ and evil.
According to some philosophers, human beings can recognize the difference between _______ and evil.
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Match the philosophical terms with their definitions:
Match the philosophical terms with their definitions:
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According to philosophy, which of the following might be considered an act of evil?
According to philosophy, which of the following might be considered an act of evil?
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The debate about whether individuals can rationally choose to do evil is settled among philosophers.
The debate about whether individuals can rationally choose to do evil is settled among philosophers.
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Plato believed that human essence, such as the ability for ______, exists before birth.
Plato believed that human essence, such as the ability for ______, exists before birth.
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What does the final cause refer to in Aristotelian philosophy?
What does the final cause refer to in Aristotelian philosophy?
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The supreme form, according to Aristotle, is subject to change and imperfection.
The supreme form, according to Aristotle, is subject to change and imperfection.
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What is the efficient cause of a flower pot according to the example given?
What is the efficient cause of a flower pot according to the example given?
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In Aristotle's view, everything moves from potentiality to __________.
In Aristotle's view, everything moves from potentiality to __________.
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Match each cause to its description:
Match each cause to its description:
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Which argument for the existence of God is mentioned?
Which argument for the existence of God is mentioned?
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Aristotle believed that all objects have efficient causes but not all are dependent on something prior.
Aristotle believed that all objects have efficient causes but not all are dependent on something prior.
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What final cause is suggested for a flower pot?
What final cause is suggested for a flower pot?
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According to Sartre, the self is static and unchanging, like an unchanging ego.
According to Sartre, the self is static and unchanging, like an unchanging ego.
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What is the key characteristic of consciousness that Sartre highlights, leading to the 'lack of self-identity'?
What is the key characteristic of consciousness that Sartre highlights, leading to the 'lack of self-identity'?
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Who is credited with the ontological argument for the existence of God?
Who is credited with the ontological argument for the existence of God?
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The cosmological argument asserts that everything that exists must have been caused by something else.
The cosmological argument asserts that everything that exists must have been caused by something else.
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What does Sartre suggest is the foundation for the unity of the self?
What does Sartre suggest is the foundation for the unity of the self?
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What does the argument from design suggest about the universe?
What does the argument from design suggest about the universe?
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Sartre's concept of the self suggests that it is more like an ______ in time than a fixed object.
Sartre's concept of the self suggests that it is more like an ______ in time than a fixed object.
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Karl Marx referred to religion as the _______ of the masses.
Karl Marx referred to religion as the _______ of the masses.
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Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions.
Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions.
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Explain the link between a fragmented narrative and a fragmented self, as suggested by Sartre.
Explain the link between a fragmented narrative and a fragmented self, as suggested by Sartre.
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Match the philosopher with their view on God:
Match the philosopher with their view on God:
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What was a significant point of contention for David Hume regarding the argument from design?
What was a significant point of contention for David Hume regarding the argument from design?
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Sartre's philosophy emphasizes the importance of predetermined values and divine commandments in guiding human decisions.
Sartre's philosophy emphasizes the importance of predetermined values and divine commandments in guiding human decisions.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Sartre's view of the self?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Sartre's view of the self?
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Thomas Aquinas believed in an omniscient and omnipotent supreme being who creates and sustains the world.
Thomas Aquinas believed in an omniscient and omnipotent supreme being who creates and sustains the world.
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What is one argument against the existence of God based on human history?
What is one argument against the existence of God based on human history?
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What did Aristotle believe about virtuous behavior?
What did Aristotle believe about virtuous behavior?
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Socrates and Plato agree that the good life is only about individual happiness.
Socrates and Plato agree that the good life is only about individual happiness.
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Who applied Aristotle's ideas to a Christian philosophical framework?
Who applied Aristotle's ideas to a Christian philosophical framework?
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In Thomistic philosophy, God has given human beings __________ which is essential for moral understanding.
In Thomistic philosophy, God has given human beings __________ which is essential for moral understanding.
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Match the following philosophers to their contributions:
Match the following philosophers to their contributions:
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What is the 'golden mean' according to Aristotle?
What is the 'golden mean' according to Aristotle?
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According to Aquinas, irrationality helps to actualize a person's God-given potential.
According to Aquinas, irrationality helps to actualize a person's God-given potential.
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What is the central tenet of Bentham's utilitarianism?
What is the central tenet of Bentham's utilitarianism?
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Study Notes
Exam Review (Giordano)
- Exam format is 15% of final mark
- Exam consists of multiple choice, quote analysis, short answer, and essay questions.
- 30 multiple choice questions (1 mark each)
- 2 quote analysis questions from 5 choices (5 marks each)
- 3 short answer questions from 6 choices (6 marks each)
- 1 essay question from 2 choices (40 marks)
- Total Marks: 98
Unit 1: Intro to Philosophy
- Philosophy comes from the Greek words "philein" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom).
- Philosophy means to have love of wisdom.
Unit 2: Human Nature
- The church views philosophy positively
- Goodness is defined as that which contributes to the happiness and well-being of some people without causing suffering to others.
- Evil is often defined as the absence of God.
- Most philosophers believe that humans have the ability to distinguish between good and evil
- Essentialism is the concept that a being enters the world with a pre-set nature or characteristics.
Plato's Allegory of the Cave
- Prisoners in a cave only see shadows of objects
- One prisoner is freed, sees the outside world and is blinded by sunlight
- The freed prisoner returns to the cave to reveal the nature of reality to the other prisoners
- The freed prisoner is harmed by sunlight, as those who are outside the cave seem cruel
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological Needs: air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep
- Safety Needs: protection from elements, security, order, law, stability
- Love and Belongingness Needs: friendship, intimacy, trust, acceptance, receiving and giving love, being part of a group (family, friends, work)
- Esteem Needs: acceptance and esteem from others (respect from others, reputation, status) and esteem of oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery)
- Self-Actualization Needs: achieving one's full potential, including creative activities
Review the Themes Each of the Following
- The Missing Piece
- The Disciple
- Tolstoy
- Fides et Ratio
Unit 3: Metaphysics
- Free Will: The supposed capacity to make decisions independently of prior events or states.
- Religious Determinism: Belief that God's knowledge and will have predetermined all human actions.
- Naturalism: The idea that the material universe is a single, unified system with no supernatural or spiritual influences.
- Social Determinism: Belief that interactions & experiences define individual behaviours
- Atheism: Disbelief in the existence of a God or gods
- Agnosticism: Belief that the existence of a God or gods can't be known or proven.
- Personhood: The quality or state of being a person.
Aristotle and the Supreme Being
- Aristotle disagreed with Plato's idea of universals existing outside of particular things
- Material Cause: The material of which something is made
- Efficient Cause: The force that brings something to exist
- Formal Cause: The shape or form of the thing that is created
- Final Cause: The purpose and function of the thing.
Arguments for and against the existence of God
- Ontological Argument: God is a supremely perfect being and must therefore exist
- Cosmological Argument: the universe requires a cause or creator
- Argument from Design/Intelligent Design: order and complexity in nature point to a designer
- Against the Existence of God: Atheism, the problem of evil, lack of empirical evidence
Theories of the Self
- René Descartes (dualism): Mind and body are separate substances. The self is a thinking thing (I think, therefore I am) that exists over time, independently of the body.
- David Hume (bundle theory): The self is merely a collection of perceptions and experiences, constantly changing and not something unified.
- Paul Ricoeur (narrative): The self is created through our interpretations of past and present events, our stories.
Free Will and Each of the Determinisms
- Free will: The capacity to make unconstrained choices
- Religious Determinism: God's knowledge and will predetermining all human actions
- Social Determinism: Interactions and experiences defining behaviours
Unit 4: Ethics
- Morality: Morals or moral principles of a culture, community, religion.
- Ethics: A system of moral rules and principles of values.
- Utilitarianism: The greatest overall happiness for the greatest number of people.
- Absolutism (Absolute Truth): There is only one correct course of action
- Eugenics: Belief that improving the human population can be achieved by controlling reproduction
Plato and the Good Life
- Plato believed that "to know the good is to do the good".
- Plato argues for the objectivity of moral values
- Plato describes a just person as someone who allows their reason and will-power to dominate their desires
Aristotle and the Good Life
- Aristotle defines a good life as a life of happiness
- Happiness occurs through virtuous habits
Socrates and the Good Life
- Socrates believed that the good is knowing and doing the good
- The good life is a life well-lived in community with friends and family.
Plato's Republic
- Plato's Republic argues that a just person has each part of the soul working effectively, with reason and willpower dominating desires
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Description
Prepare for your philosophy exam with this comprehensive review covering key concepts from Units 1 and 2. Test your understanding of human nature, definitions of good and evil, and Plato's allegory. This quiz format includes multiple choice, quote analysis, short answers, and an essay question to enhance your exam readiness.
