Philosophy Endterm: Freedom and Morality

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Questions and Answers

What is a hasty generalization?

An attempt to make a universal statement using 'all' based only on a few cases observed.

According to Descartes, the existence of the soul is clearer than the existence of the body.

True

What is Husserl's approach to studying things in consciousness?

Accepting all beliefs as true

Bracketing beliefs (correct)

Ignoring consciousness

Strongly asserting beliefs

______ is the philosophical idea that asserts the self as the only certain reality.

Solipsism Signup and view all the answers

Match the philosophical concept with the correct description:

Sympathy = Feeling of compassion only Empathy = Putting yourself in another person’s shoes Solipsism = Asserts the self as the only certain reality Signup and view all the answers

According to William Sumner, from where does our notion of what is right stem?

man's basic instinct to survive Signup and view all the answers

Animals are capable of deliberation and reflection.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes Kant's ethical theory that states 'Act only on that maxim, through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law'?

Categorical Imperative Signup and view all the answers

According to Immanuel Kant, the Goodwill is the only thing good in-itself, without ____ qualification.

qualification Signup and view all the answers

Match the following principles with their respective philosophers: A. Principle of Utility B. Categorical Imperative C. Hedonic Calculus

A. Principle of Utility = J.S. Mill B. Categorical Imperative = Immanuel Kant C. Hedonic Calculus = Jeremy Bentham Signup and view all the answers

What event led to the communication becoming easier with the invention of the telephone?

Establishment of the printing press Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the culture that arose as a result of advancements in production where the supply of goods exceeded demand?

Consumer Society Signup and view all the answers

The masses in the early industrial societies belonged to the __________ class.

working Signup and view all the answers

Labor Unions emerged to fight for the welfare of workers and were ineffective in challenging oppressive capitalists.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Throw Away Society = Transformation into societies where excessive production leads to waste Netizen = Member of a technological society that interacts online Enframing = Thinking that reduces everything into measurable and calculable forces Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ethics

Ethics deals with the systematic questioning and critical examination of the underlying principles of morality.
Sanctions, customs, and habits are formed from society, influencing moral frameworks and standards.
Normative ethics answers the question "What is good?" and pertains to certain norms or standards for goodness and badness.
Meta-ethics questions the basis of assumptions proposed in a normative ethical framework.
Applied ethics describes how to apply normative theories to specific issues.

Morality

Morality refers to the customs, including the customary behavior of a particular group of people.
The concept of morality stems from man's basic instinct to survive.
Freedom is the door to absolute existence, and this is realized by doing deeds in absolute freedom.
A human person is defined by what they have done and are doing.

Approaches to Moral Reasoning

Deontological ethics or deontological reasoning is an ethic based on duty.
Teleological ethics is based on consequences, and the end justifies the means.
Utilitarianism is based on the maximization of pleasure and the avoidance of pain to promote happiness.
Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative, which states "Act only on that maxim, through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."

Intersubjectivity

Intersubjectivity is the study of that which appears, and it is a product of our interaction with the world.
The establishment of knowledge is the product of agreement and confirmation of others.
The objectivity of knowledge requires the perspective of others.
There is an undeniable existence of meanings shared by a community (Life-World).

Human Person and Society

According to Aristotle, man by nature is a political animal, naturally directed to form into groups to fulfill their basic needs for subsistence.
The social nature of the human person is characterized by the formation of groups to fulfill basic needs.
Societies have evolved from Hunter-Gatherer to Pastoral Societies, with men and women having different roles and responsibilities.### Societies
Societies are formed to allow people to achieve their human potential and live a good life, characterized by virtue and happiness.
The simplest type of society is the Hunting and Gathering Society, where people survive by hunting and gathering food, with no permanent settlement and usually egalitarian decision-making.

Pre-Industrial Societies

Pre-industrial societies are limited to the amount of labor humans can provide, with simple tools and a small land area to be tilled.
Examples of pre-industrial societies include:
- Horticultural Societies, which cultivate and nurture plants, with men responsible for clearing the land and women responsible for taking care of fruits and vegetables.
- Agrarian Societies, which use new materials and methods for cultivating plants and animals, with the invention of the plow and wheel.

Industrial Societies

Industrial societies were a result of continued innovations in agrarian societies, with the establishment of the printing press and advancements in water transportation.
The three factors that gave birth to industrial societies are:
- Further advancements in agricultural techniques and practices.
- The establishment of the printing press.
- The use of new energy sources, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
Industrial societies are characterized by the centralization of wealth and power, with the emergence of a capitalist class and an oppressive working class.

Post-Industrial Societies

Post-industrial societies are characterized as knowledge and service-oriented, with the service sector being the protagonist.
The main capital of post-industrial society is knowledge, with education being the source of energy.
Social classes are divided by access to education in post-industrial societies.

Consumer Society

The consumer society emerged as a result of the efficiency in production, where the supply of goods exceeded the demand, leading to a culture of consumption.
The 20th century brought about a new type of person called the consumer, with the rise of advertising and the encouragement of people to consume.

Sign Consumption and the Society of Spectacle

Sign consumption is the consumption of signs and meanings attached to a commodity, with the focus on the sign value rather than the use value.
The society of spectacle is characterized by social relations mediated by images, with the reduction of human life and relations to mere appearances.
Guy Debord argued that the society of spectacle is not a collection of images, but social relations mediated by images.

The Throw-Away Society

The throw-away society is characterized by the excessive production and consumption of goods, leading to a culture of disposability.
Examples of throw-away practices include:
- Throw-away packaging of products.
- Proliferation of throw-away products.
- Throw-away practice in food consumption.

Technological Society

The creation of the internet has changed how people interact with each other, with the emergence of a new type of person called the netizen or cybercitizen.
The anonymity and absence of physical contact in online interactions have contributed to the openness found in chat rooms and online forums.
However, the lack of etiquette and the preference for disembodied human relations have led to a decline in physical human interaction.

The Virtual Society

The virtual society enables people to engage in dialogues and recreate themselves in another world, with the opportunity to show people how they want to be seen.
Examples of virtual societies include social networking and online forums.
The virtual society has led to the complication of the question "who am I?" and the risk of losing commitment in human relations.

The Essence of Technology

Heidegger argues that the essence of technology is a way of thinking that represents nature as something to be harnessed for our use.
The essence of technology can lead to the reduction of human persons into calculable objects and the distortion of human relationships and even the understanding of God.
Heidegger calls this Enframing, where thinking reduces everything into measurable and calculable forces.

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Description

This quiz assesses understanding of philosophical concepts related to freedom and morality in the context of human actions and decision-making.