Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of critical thinking?
What is the primary focus of critical thinking?
- Personal beliefs about truth
- Unquestioning acceptance of facts
- Systematic evaluation or formulation of beliefs by rational standards (correct)
- Assessing popular opinions in society
Which of the following best defines objectivism?
Which of the following best defines objectivism?
- Truth is determined by societal norms.
- Truth is only what can be scientifically proven.
- Truth is subjective and varies from person to person.
- The truth of claims does not depend on personal belief. (correct)
What does subjective relativism suggest about truth?
What does subjective relativism suggest about truth?
- Truth is objective and universal.
- Truth is absolute and unchanging.
- Truth varies depending on individual beliefs. (correct)
- Truth is defined by intellectual consensus.
Which of the following is a danger associated with relativism?
Which of the following is a danger associated with relativism?
What is meant by fallibilism in the context of knowledge?
What is meant by fallibilism in the context of knowledge?
How does pluralism relate to the justification of beliefs?
How does pluralism relate to the justification of beliefs?
What is a key consideration in responding to skepticism within critical thinking?
What is a key consideration in responding to skepticism within critical thinking?
What does social/cultural relativism emphasize about truth?
What does social/cultural relativism emphasize about truth?
Flashcards
Objectivism
Objectivism
The truth of a statement doesn't depend on what someone believes, but rather on how the world actually is.
Universalism
Universalism
The objective truth applies to everyone, regardless of location or time.
Subjective Relativism
Subjective Relativism
Truth is relative to individuals. What's true for one person may not be true for another.
Social/Cultural Relativism
Social/Cultural Relativism
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Infallibilism
Infallibilism
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Fallibilism
Fallibilism
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Pluralism
Pluralism
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Toleration
Toleration
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Study Notes
Philosophical Barriers to Critical Thinking
- Critical thinking involves systematically evaluating beliefs and statements using rational standards.
- Rational standards provide a framework for evaluating beliefs.
Objectivism
- The truth of a claim is independent of individual beliefs.
- It asserts that there is an objective reality, a way the world is, regardless of our beliefs.
- Universal truths apply to everyone at all times.
Relativism
- Subjective relativism: the truth of a claim is dependent on individual beliefs.
- Social/cultural relativism: the truth of a claim is dependent on societal or cultural norms.
- This approach is attractive because of the desire to respect different cultures.
Subjective Relativism
- An individual's beliefs determine the truth.
- An individual's belief about something is true for that person.
Social/Cultural Relativism
- The truth is dependent on the culture or society.
- The beliefs and values of a society determine the truth within that society regarding specific issues.
Relativism's Dangers
- Inherent contradictions arise when individuals hold conflicting beliefs, based on different systems.
- Can lead to the inability to critically evaluate beliefs or resolve disagreements peacefully.
Infallibilism
- The belief that our beliefs are always correct.
- Acknowledges that our beliefs can be mistaken and that justification, not certainty, is the goal of critical thinking
Skepticism
- Questions the possibility of certain knowledge.
- Emphasizes that knowledge requires justification and consideration of potential errors.
Fallibilism
- Acknowledges that we can hold justified yet false beliefs.
- Allows for the possibility of error in belief systems.
Pluralism
- Allows for the existence of multiple perspectives and beliefs, even if those beliefs contradict each other.
Tolerance
- The ability to accept differing beliefs and viewpoints, even those that contradict our own.
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