Questions and Answers
The view that humans have a core self is known as the?
What was the place in Plato's ideal society for those in whom the dominant part of their soul is the spirit?
military
Which of the following refers to the state of enlightenment?
Nirvana
According to anatman, the soul or self is?
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In Taoist thinking, a human person is composed of five elements: earth, wood, water, and which other two?
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According to Behaviorism, we are what we are because of?
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Who in Plato's work The Symposium describes how the Greek gods fashioned human beings?
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Who claimed that 'all men by nature desire to know'?
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We develop a self by responsible choosing during our lives according to?
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Who argued that a human being has no fixed essence?
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Simulated identities in personal computer games are called 'avatars.' Where does the term originate from?
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Among some residents of West Benin, what are the two principles involved in the composition of the world?
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Who tracked 39 behaviors in seven different chimpanzee communities?
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Who argued that the passions of anger and desire are not inherent in the human soul?
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Deductive reasoning argues from?
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Who argued that the human soul is made up of a rational side and an irrational side?
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Who introduced the theory of behaviorism in the twentieth century?
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In order for human beings to be held accountable for moral choices, they must have?
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Inductive reasoning argues from?
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Study Notes
Philosophy Concepts and Thinkers
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Avocado View: Refers to the belief that humans possess a core self.
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Plato's Ideal Society: In "The Republic," an ideal society mirrors the three parts of the human soul: reason, spirit, and appetite. Those with a dominant spirited aspect are placed in the military.
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Nirvana: Denotes a state of enlightenment in various philosophical traditions.
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Anatman Principle: Suggests that the concept of the soul or self is an illusion.
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Taoist Composition: In certain Taoist beliefs, humans are made of five elements: earth, wood, water, metal, and fire.
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Behaviorism: Proposes that human nature is shaped by conditioning events rather than innate characteristics.
Contributions of Philosophers
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Aristophanes: Provides a narrative in "The Symposium" about how Greek gods created humans with varying attractions based on their soul's nature.
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Aristotle's Insights: Advocates that "all men by nature desire to know." He believed while human beings engage in art and reasoning, such abilities cease upon death.
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Existentialist Perspective: Suggests that a self is formed through responsible choices and actions throughout one’s life.
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Jose Ortega y Gasset's Existentialism: Argues against the existence of a fixed human essence, promoting the idea that individuals are defined by their potential ("not-yet-being").
Cultural and Social Perspectives
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Avatars in Gaming: The term originates from Hinduism and refers to simulated identities created in games like "The Sims."
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Benin's Cosmology: In West Benin, the world is understood through two principles—Lisa (male) and Mawu (female).
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Andrew Whiten's Research: After studying chimpanzees, he concluded that they exhibit cultural variations, akin to humans, through learned behaviors differing across groups.
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Macrina's Perspective: Argues that emotions such as anger and desire are not innate traits of the human soul.
Reasoning Types and Theories
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Deductive Reasoning: Valid reasoning that moves from general principles to specific instances.
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Dual Nature of the Soul (Aristotle): Proposes that the human soul consists of rational and irrational sides, with men leaning towards rationality and women towards irrationality.
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B.F. Skinner and Behaviorism: Introduced behaviorism in the 20th century, focusing on how individuals develop based solely on their conditioning history.
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Moral Responsibility and Free Will: For moral choices to hold individuals accountable, they must possess free will.
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Inductive Reasoning: Contrasts deductive reasoning by moving from specific observations to broader generalizations.
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Description
Test your understanding of the core concepts in Philosophy Chapter 3, 'Roots of Wisdom'. These flashcards cover key terms and ideas, including Plato's vision of an ideal society and the concept of the core self. Perfect for quick review before your exam!
