Philosophical Perspectives on the Self

Study Notes

Philosophy derives from the Greek words "philo" (loving) and "sophia" (knowledge, wisdom).
It is the pursuit of wisdom, truth, and knowledge.

Enhances understanding and critical thinking skills.
Encourages wiser actions which can improve the quality of life.
Addresses fundamental questions such as the meaning of life, existence of God, free will, beauty, justice, and identity.

Regarded as the Father of Western Philosophy.
Developed the Socratic Method focused on dialogue and questioning.
Believed in the immortality of the soul; death is a separation of soul from body.
Emphasized that the soul is the true self, and caring for it is paramount in philosophy.
Famous quote: “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
Argued that the good life is achieved through acquiring knowledge, wisdom, and virtue.
Denied that true self is linked to material possessions or social status.

Socrates's most famous student and founder of Plato’s Academy.
Proposed the duality of body (material) and soul (immaterial).
Developed the Theory of Forms, stating that the material world is a shadow of a higher reality of perfect entities (Forms).
Illustrated the Theory of Forms through the Allegory of the Cave, demonstrating how prisoners perceive only shadows as reality.
Introduced the Tripartite Theory of the Soul:
- Rational: the cognitive aspect that enables reasoning.
- Spirited: the emotional aspect that encompasses feelings.
- Appetitive: the sensual aspect that drives physical desires.
Considered the rational soul superior as it serves as a moral guide, asserting that the true self is the rational self.

Significant Christian philosopher and the patron saint of brewers.
Not discussed in detail but known for contributions to philosophy regarding the nature of the self and morality.

Examination of the self varies; some emphasize the rational aspect while others focus on soul or emotional dimensions.
The importance of knowledge and self-awareness is a central theme.
Distinctions arise in views on the immortality of the soul, the role of the body, and the nature of true self.

Raises questions about identity and continuity: if all parts are replaced, is it still the same entity?

Consider personal actions and reflections used for understanding life experiences and self-evaluation.
Socratic philosophy encourages deep self-reflection to care for the soul to truly attain the good life.