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Questions and Answers
What is the first step in the observational learning and modeling process?
What is the first step in the observational learning and modeling process?
Which of the following is considered one of Jung's personality archetypes?
Which of the following is considered one of Jung's personality archetypes?
In Buddhism, what is the term that refers to the concept of impermanence?
In Buddhism, what is the term that refers to the concept of impermanence?
Which Eastern philosophy emphasizes self-cultivation and moral behavior towards others?
Which Eastern philosophy emphasizes self-cultivation and moral behavior towards others?
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What is the concept of 'self' in Taoism?
What is the concept of 'self' in Taoism?
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What is the primary function of the false self?
What is the primary function of the false self?
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Which structure of personality is characterized by pleasure-seeking and impulsive behavior?
Which structure of personality is characterized by pleasure-seeking and impulsive behavior?
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During which psychosexual stage does the Oedipus complex occur?
During which psychosexual stage does the Oedipus complex occur?
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What is a key characteristic of the ego according to Freud's theory?
What is a key characteristic of the ego according to Freud's theory?
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What mechanism involves pushing threatening situations out of conscious awareness?
What mechanism involves pushing threatening situations out of conscious awareness?
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Which of the following best describes Albert Bandura's perspective on human behavior?
Which of the following best describes Albert Bandura's perspective on human behavior?
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Which philosopher is known for the statement ''I think, therefore I am''?
Which philosopher is known for the statement ''I think, therefore I am''?
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In Freud's psychosexual stages, what is the focus during the Anal Stage?
In Freud's psychosexual stages, what is the focus during the Anal Stage?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a psychological defense mechanism?
Which of the following is NOT considered a psychological defense mechanism?
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What are the three parts of the soul according to Plato?
What are the three parts of the soul according to Plato?
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How did John Locke describe the state of the human mind at birth?
How did John Locke describe the state of the human mind at birth?
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According to Paul Churchland, what is the nature of 'self'?
According to Paul Churchland, what is the nature of 'self'?
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What concept is primarily associated with Aristotle regarding the soul?
What concept is primarily associated with Aristotle regarding the soul?
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Which thinker associated the self with behavior rather than inner processes?
Which thinker associated the self with behavior rather than inner processes?
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Which philosopher emphasized the dualism of body and mind?
Which philosopher emphasized the dualism of body and mind?
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What is the function of the 'Ego' in Freud's model of the mind?
What is the function of the 'Ego' in Freud's model of the mind?
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What does the Looking Glass Theory by Charles Horton Cooley emphasize?
What does the Looking Glass Theory by Charles Horton Cooley emphasize?
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Which concept did George Herbert Mead introduce regarding individuals significant in our lives?
Which concept did George Herbert Mead introduce regarding individuals significant in our lives?
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During which stage of development does an individual begin to understand their role in social interactions?
During which stage of development does an individual begin to understand their role in social interactions?
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Which of the following concepts describes the idea that individuals are born without inherent qualities?
Which of the following concepts describes the idea that individuals are born without inherent qualities?
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What type of norms do mores represent in a society?
What type of norms do mores represent in a society?
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In William James' concept of self, how is the 'Me-self' defined?
In William James' concept of self, how is the 'Me-self' defined?
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Cultural borrowing entails what phenomenon among societies?
Cultural borrowing entails what phenomenon among societies?
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Which of the following can be considered an agent of socialization?
Which of the following can be considered an agent of socialization?
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Study Notes
Philosophical Perspective of the Self
- Philosophy combines the Greek words "philo" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom), meaning love of wisdom.
- Pythagoras was the first to use the term philosophy.
- Socrates emphasized the importance of self-examination, famously stating, "An unexamined life is not worth living," asserting dualism between the changeable body and the immortal soul.
- Plato declared that "the soul is immortal," dividing it into three parts: rational (thinking), spirited (emotions), and appetitive (biological needs).
- Aristotle defined the soul as the essence of the self, classifying it into three types: vegetative (plants), sentient (animals), and rational (humans).
- St. Augustine believed that knowledge comes from seeing the truth within oneself and that the soul completes the body.
- René Descartes coined "Cogito ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am), proposing body-mind dualism.
- John Locke viewed the self as consciousness, describing the mind at birth as a "tabula rasa" or blank slate.
- Immanuel Kant asserted that the self constructs its reality to create familiar experiences.
- Gilbert Ryle claimed that the self manifests through behavior, encapsulated in "I act therefore I am."
- Paul Churchland reduced the self to the brain, denying the existence of the mind as separate from the brain.
- Maurice Merleau-Ponty focused on "embodied subjectivity," stating knowledge comes from subjective experience.
- Sigmund Freud introduced Psychoanalytic Theory, outlining the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels of the mind, alongside the Id, Ego, and Superego models.
Social Perspective
- Sociology studies groups, social interactions, and societies.
- Personality refers to individual behavioral uniqueness.
- Socialization teaches individuals essential societal skills.
- Charles Horton Cooley's "Looking Glass Theory" suggests that our self-concept is influenced by how others perceive us.
- George Herbert Mead introduced the dual nature of self: I-self (subjective) and Me-self (object), describing self-development in three stages: preparatory (symbol use), play (role-taking), and game (understanding broader perspectives).
- Erving Goffman's theory of front stage and back stage describes public and private selves.
Anthropological Perspective
- Anthropology studies human behavior and culture (Anthropos = man; Logos = study).
- Culture comprises material components (tangible items), cognitive components (beliefs, knowledge), and normative components (social norms, folkways, mores).
- Cultural change can occur through cultural lag (disparity between social progress and cultural beliefs) and cultural borrowing (adopting elements from other cultures).
- Socialization helps individuals adapt to group norms and behaviors through agents like family, school, religion, and media.
Psychological Perspective
- William James identified the I-self (who we are) and Me-self (empirical self) composed of material, social, and spiritual dimensions.
- David Lester discussed the concept of multiple vs. unified selves across roles and relationships.
- Donald Winnicott differentiated between true and false selves, where false selves protect the true self.
- Carl Rogers emphasized human goodness, free will, and psychological growth through self-concept, self-image, and self-esteem.
- Freud's structures of personality include the Id (pleasure principle), Ego (reality principle), and Superego (moral conscience), along with psychosexual stages defining childhood development.
- Psychological defense mechanisms include denial, repression, rationalization, and projection, among others.
- Albert Bandura highlighted human agency and proactive behaviors through intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness.
- Carl Jung introduced personality archetypes such as Persona (public self), Shadow (dark self), Anima (feminine aspect), and Animus (masculine aspect), with Self as the central archetype.
Western vs. Eastern Perspective
- Western thought emphasizes scientific investigation and individualism.
- Eastern thought questions human life’s ultimate meaning, focusing on the self through various philosophies.
- Buddhism posits that self and soul are illusions; individuals consist of five parts: matter, sensation, perception, mental constructs, and consciousness, emphasizing impermanence (Anicca).
- Hinduism introduces the concept of Atman and the law of karma.
- Confucianism emphasizes ethical behavior and self-cultivation principles.
- Taoism views the self as a cosmic extension rather than a social construct.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of self in philosophy through the insights of prominent thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, Descartes, and Locke. This quiz delves into dualism, the nature of the soul, and the essence of human consciousness. Test your understanding of these philosophical ideas and their implications on the notion of the self.
