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Questions and Answers
What significant policy is Carlos P. Garcia known for during his presidency?
Who succeeded Manuel Roxas as President of the Philippines?
Which legislation focused on agrarian reform and was passed during Diosdado Macapagal's presidency?
What major event led to Ferdinand Marcos being ousted from power?
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Which President was responsible for the Laurel-Langley Agreement?
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What action did RAMON Magsaysay take to address the HUK rebellion?
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During which years did Manuel Roxas serve as President of the Philippines?
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Who was the first Filipino national leader under the American regime?
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Who was the president of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992?
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Which president was associated with the implementation of martial law under Marcos?
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Which president’s term ended due to the People’s Power II revolution?
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What was a key achievement during Benigno Aquino III's presidency?
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Who took office as president after Joseph Estrada's removal?
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What was the main focus of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's presidency?
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What is one exception to the proclamation of suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus?
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What document replaced the Freedom Constitution during Corazon Cojuangco Aquino's presidency?
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Which of the following cannot happen under the declaration of martial law?
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In what situation is the Vice President succeeded by the Senate President?
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What was notable about Fidel V. Ramos's presidency?
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What must the President do within 48 hours of declaring martial law?
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How long is the term of the Vice President of the Philippines?
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Which of the following is a ground for the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus?
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What is the maximum duration for the declaration of martial law without Congressional extension?
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Who is next in line after the Vice President in the order of presidential succession?
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What happens if the incumbent President of the Philippines dies, becomes disabled, or resigns?
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What is required for a Presidential nominee for the Vice President position to take office?
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Which of the following is a power held by Cabinet Secretaries in the Philippines?
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How are individuals nominated to cabinet posts in the Philippines?
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What does the Administrative Code of 1987 allow the President of the Philippines to do?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an advantage of a presidential system?
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What is a commonly cited claim of supporters of presidential systems regarding the speed of governance?
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What is the implication of having a president with a fixed term in office?
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What is the purpose of memorandum orders issued by the President?
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Which of the following accurately describes the function of memorandum circulars?
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What authority does the President have over non-Filipinos in the Philippines?
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Which statement about the power of eminent domain is true?
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What restriction is placed on the President's power of eminent domain?
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How can the President interact with the Board of Commissioners of the Bureau of Immigration?
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What do general or special orders from the President pertain to?
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In what context can the power of escheat be exercised by the President?
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Study Notes
Philippine Presidents
- Jose P. Laurel (1891-1959): President of the Second Philippine Republic (1943-1945).
- Manuel L. Quezon (1878-1944): First President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935-1944).
- Sergio Osmeña, Sr. (1878-1961): Philippines' first national leader under American rule as Speaker of the Philippine Assembly and Second President (1944-1946).
- Manuel Roxas (1892-1948): Last President of the Philippine Commonwealth and First President of the Republic (1946-1948).
- Elpidio Quirino (1890-1956): President of the Philippines (1948-1953). Served as Vice President and Secretary of Foreign Affairs under Roxas and became President upon Roxas's death.
- Ramon Magsaysay (1907-1957): President (1953-1957). Suppressed Huk rebellion and passed the Agricultural Tenancy Act (1954).
- Carlos P. Garcia (1896-1971): President (1957-1961). Remembered for “Filipino First” policy. Founder of the Association for Southeast Asia (1963), precursor to ASEAN.
- Diosdado Macapagal (1910-1997): President (1961-1965). Passed the Agricultural Land Reform Code (1963) and moved Independence Day from July 4th to June 12th.
- Ferdinand Marcos (1917-1989): President (1965-1986). Declared Martial Law (1972) and was ousted in the People Power Revolution (1986).
- Corazon C. Aquino (1933-2009): President (1986-1992). Led the opposition that toppled Marcos. Established a Revolutionary Government under the Freedom Constitution and later replaced it with the 1987 Constitution.
- Fidel V. Ramos (1928-): President (1992-1997). Instrumental in the implementation of Martial Law under Marcos but defected to the People Power movement in 1986.
- Joseph Estrada (1937-): President (1998-2001). Ousted in a peaceful People Power II revolution. Faced impeachment charges for corruption.
- Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (1947-): President (2001-2010). Became President after Estrada's resignation.
- Benigno Aquino III (1960-2021): President (2010-2016). During his presidency, the Philippines experienced economic growth and was dubbed "Rising Economy".
Presidential Powers:
- Memorandum Orders: Issued for administrative details or temporary matters concerning a specific officer or government office.
- Memorandum Circulars: Issued on matters of internal administration.
- General or Special Orders: Issued for matters related to the President's role as Commander-in-Chief.
Powers Over Aliens
- The President can deport aliens after due process.
- They can change a foreigner's status from non-immigrant to permanent resident.
- The President can overrule decisions of the Board of Commissioners of the Bureau of Immigration.
Powers of Eminent Domain:
- The President can exercise the power of eminent domain (seizing private property for public use with just compensation).
- Limited by the Constitution: No one can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without just compensation (Art. III, Section 9).
Suspension of the Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus:
- Grounds: Invasion or rebellion when public safety requires it.
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Effects:
- Doesn't affect the right to bail.
- Only applies to persons facing charges of rebellion or offenses related to invasion.
- Individuals must be charged within 3 days; if not, they are released.
- Presidential proclamation does not supersede civilian authority.
Declaration of Martial Law:
- Grounds:* Invasion or rebellion.
-
Limitations:*
- Cannot suspend the Constitution.
- Cannot replace civil courts or legislative assemblies.
- Cannot grant jurisdiction to military courts over civilians when civil courts are functional (Open Court Doctrine).
- Doesn't automatically suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus.
- Duration:* Not more than 60 days with possibility of extension by Congress.
- Reporting Duty:* President must report to Congress within 48 hours.
Presidential Succession:
-
Line of Succession:
- Vice President
- Senate President
- Speaker of the House of Representatives
- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is not included in the line of succession.
Vice President of the Philippines:
-
Elected directly by the people for a term of six years (one re-election term allowed).
-
Term starts at noon of the 30th day of June after a regular election.
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Takes over as President in case of the President's death, disability, or resignation.
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Vacancy in Office: The President nominates a replacement with the concurrence of the Committee on Appointments.
Cabinet Secretaries:
- Act as the President's alter ego, executing presidential power in their respective departments.
- Their number changes based on administrative needs.
- President can create or dissolve departments.
- Presidential appointments require confirmation by the Commission on Appointments.
Powers of Cabinet Secretaries:
- Issue department orders applying to offices within their jurisdiction.
- Serve as advisors to the President regarding their areas of specialization.
Advantages of Presidential Systems:
- Direct Mandate: The president is elected directly by the people.
- Separation of Powers: Presidency and legislature operate independently, allowing mutual oversight.
- Speed and Decisiveness: Presidents can enact changes quickly.
- Stability: Fixed term provides stability compared to prime ministerial system.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the notable Presidents of the Philippines from the Commonwealth to the Republic. This quiz covers the key contributions and historical contexts of each leader, including their terms in office and significant policies. Challenge yourself to remember the legacy of these important figures in Philippine history.
