Philippine Politics and Governance

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Questions and Answers

Who was the first President of the Philippines?

  • Jose P. Laurel
  • Ferdinand Marcos
  • Manuel L. Quezon
  • Emilio Aguinaldo (correct)

Which President succeeded Ferdinand Marcos?

  • Joseph Estrada
  • Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
  • Corazon Aquino (correct)
  • Benigno Aquino III

Which historical period preceded the Spanish period in the Philippines?

  • American Period
  • Postcolonial Period
  • Colonial Period
  • Precolonial Period (correct)

Which of the following Presidents served during the post-World War II era?

<p>Sergio Osmeña (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which President was known for declaring Martial Law?

<p>Ferdinand Marcos (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inferred from the objectives of the module relates to Philippine governance?

<p>Explain the stratification system during the Precolonial. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the only female President of the Philippines mentioned?

<p>Corazon Aquino (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which President had the longest term in the Philippines?

<p>Ferdinand Marcos (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary means of strengthening societies in the pre-colonial Philippines?

<p>Building alliances and networks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a characteristic of the small communities in the Philippines during the pre-colonial period?

<p>Each community was independent of one another (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the chieftains or sultans play in their communities during the pre-colonial period?

<p>They were responsible for decision-making across various aspects of community life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the governance structure of the barangay?

<p>The governance was consultative and involved the approval of elders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two main categories of laws present during the pre-colonial period in the Philippines?

<p>Oral laws and written laws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which social class in pre-colonial Filipino society was considered noble?

<p>Maharlika (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were laws promulgated in pre-colonial Filipino societies?

<p>After consultation with community elders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common political strategy among early Filipinos to strengthen alliances?

<p>Intermarriages and food trades (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Executive Branch of the Philippine government?

<p>Executes laws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class during the Spanish period in the Philippines was characterized as wealthy, educated, and influential?

<p>Gente Illustrada (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were Filipinos required to produce under the Bandala system?

<p>Quotas of goods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Alcalde Mayor in the provincial government during the Spanish period?

<p>Led the provinces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one negative impact of the Polo y Servicio labor system on Filipinos?

<p>Forced labor with lower wages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which governmental structure was created by the Spaniards to replace the real power of local datos?

<p>Cabeza de Barangay (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Encomienda system in the Philippines?

<p>To reward Spanish crown servants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following goods was NOT exported from the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period?

<p>Ivory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the chief executive responsible for appointing and dismissing minor government officials in the Philippines?

<p>Governor General (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What title was given to local towns and villages governed by the Gobernadorcillo?

<p>The Pueblos (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which power allowed the Governor General to veto royal decrees he deemed unbeneficial for the colony?

<p>Complase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary function of the Royal Audiencia established in 1854?

<p>Serve as the Supreme Court (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the political influence and power held by the Friar-curates in the Philippines?

<p>Frailocrasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the event of a vacancy in the Governor General's position, who would act as the Governor General?

<p>Royal Audiencia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which power granted the Governor General the right to nominate priests and ecclesiastical positions?

<p>Vice Royal Patron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of Capitan in the governance of local towns during this period?

<p>To act as the head of the town chosen by electors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event is considered the starting point of the Philippine Revolution?

<p>Cry of Pugad Lawin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who led the Katipunan after the death of Andres Bonifacio?

<p>Emilio Aguinaldo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which document is considered the first important Filipino document, created during the revolutionary government?

<p>Malolos Constitution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Mock Battle of Manila?

<p>Victory for the American forces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key provision of the Treaty of Paris regarding the Philippines?

<p>America paid $20,000,000 to Spain for the Philippines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the Philippine Republic inaugurated?

<p>January 23, 1899 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Teodoro Agoncillo comment about the Malolos Constitution?

<p>It is the first important Filipino document produced by people's representatives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branches of government were established by the Malolos Constitution?

<p>Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant act followed the Jones Law of 1916 that promised the Philippines a Commonwealth?

<p>Tydings-McDuffie Act (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following established a temporary government in the Philippines during American colonial rule?

<p>Military Government (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the U.S. Congress enacting the Philippine Organic Act?

<p>Establishment of local governments by the Taft Commission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During World War II, which key event marked the collapse of the USAFFE defense in the Philippines?

<p>Capture of Corregidor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What promise did America make regarding the independence of the Philippines?

<p>Independence only after readiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first President of the Second Republic established during the Japanese occupation?

<p>Dr. Jose P. Laurel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marked the inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth Government?

<p>November 15, 1935 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable consequence of the Taft Commission's establishment?

<p>Creation of a bicameral legislature in the Philippines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Precolonial Period (Before 1565)

Time before Spanish colonization in the Philippines

Philippine Presidents

List of former leaders of the Philippines

Spanish Period (1565-1898)

Philippines under Spanish rule

Presidential Succession List

Order of succession for the Philippine presidency.

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Evolution of Philippine Politics

Change in the political system throughout the country's history

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Precolonial Social Structure

How society was organized before colonization.

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Historical Periods of the Philippines

Series of time periods to study Philippine history

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Philippine Governance

The way the government operates and controls the country.

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Philippine Government Branches

The executive, legislative, and judiciary are the three branches that govern the Philippines.

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Executive Branch

The branch that enforces laws.

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Legislative Branch

The branch that makes laws.

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Judiciary Branch

The branch that interprets laws and penalties.

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Polo y Servicio

Forced labor system in the Philippines under Spanish rule.

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Bandala

Forced provincial commodity quota system in the Philippines under Spanish rule.

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Encomienda System

Reward system for Spanish crown servants in the Philippines.

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Local Government (Spanish Era)

Two types of local government units under Spanish rule: Alcaldía and Corregimiento.

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Pre-colonial Philippines

The Philippines before Spanish colonization, characterized by numerous small, independent communities (barangays or sultanates).

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Barangay

A pre-colonial Philippine community, typically a small village or group of villages, each independent of the other.

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Chieftain's role (Pre-colonial)

Held executive, legislative, and judicial power within their community.

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Pre-colonial social classes

A hierarchy of social classes existed, including nobles, freemen, and slaves.

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Pre-colonial Laws

A mix of oral traditions (customs) and written laws enacted after consultations with community elders; Examples from specific places and times (Kor’an).

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Pre-colonial political strategies

Employed alliances, intermarriages, trade, and ritual feasting to maintain relations between communities.

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Pre-colonial women's roles

Women were politically involved, participating in alliances and diplomatic arrangements.

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Importance of alliances pre-colonial societies

Strategic alliances were important for security and stability to ensure the trading relationships in the pre-colonial period.

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Governor General

The highest-ranking official in the Philippines, appointed by the King of Spain, with vast powers.

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Powers of Governor General

Included representing the King, appointing officials, nominating priests, issuing laws, commanding the army, and suspending decrees.

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Royal Audiencia

Supreme Court; the highest court in the Philippines; handles civil and criminal cases.

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Actos Acordas

Laws made by agreement between the Royal Audiencia and the Governor General.

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Frailocracia

Friars' influence and power; they had control in local areas.

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Gobernadorcillo

Local governor; head of towns and villages.

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Cabeza de Barangay

Leaders of barangays (villages).

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Indulto de Comercio

Trade privilege granted to the Governor General to help them earn more.

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Martial Law in the Philippines

On August 30, 1896, Spanish Governor-General Ramon Blanco placed eight provinces under martial law due to the uprising of Katipuneros led by Andres Bonifacio.

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Cry of Pugad Lawin

The start of the Philippine Revolution, marked by the Katipuneros' cry for freedom from Spanish rule.

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Katipunan's Leadership Change

After Bonifacio's death in 1897, Emilio Aguinaldo became the leader of the Katipunan, continuing the fight for independence.

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Treaty of Paris (1898)

The official document where Spain sold the Philippines to the United States for $20,000,000, ending Spanish rule but starting American control.

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Philippine Independence Proclamation

Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite, marking the establishment of a provisional government.

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Malolos Constitution

The first constitution of the Philippine Republic, drafted by Filipinos in 1899, established a government with three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

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Emilio Aguinaldo's Presidency

Became the first president of the Republic of the Philippines, forming a cabinet and leading the newly established government.

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Filipino-American War

War broke out between the Philippines and America in 1899 when Filipinos fought for independence, resulting in the eventual defeat and capture of Aguinaldo.

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First Philippine Republic

The first independent republic in the Philippines, established after the Spanish-American War in 1899, ruled by Emilio Aguinaldo.

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Military Government (Philippines)

Temporary US government established in the Philippines after the Spanish-American War, led by a military general.

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Taft Commission

US civilian body established to organize local governments in the Philippines, replacing the military government.

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Philippine Organic Act

US law passed in 1902, establishing a Philippine assembly with elected Filipino leaders, replacing the military governor.

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Philippine Commonwealth

Period from 1935 to 1946 when the Philippines had a semi-autonomous government under US supervision, preparing for independence.

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Jones Law (1916)

US law declaring the US intention to grant independence to the Philippines and providing more autonomy for Filipino governance.

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Tydings-McDuffie Act

US law that established the Philippine Commonwealth, granting independence to the Philippines in 1946 after a 10-year transition period.

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Second Philippine Republic

The government headed by Jose P. Laurel during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, considered a puppet state by some.

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Study Notes

Philippine Politics and Governance

  • Philippine history is divided into various historical periods, each impacting its political and governance structures.
  • The precolonial period (before 1565): A multitude of small, independent communities existed, with governance based on tribal customs and traditions.
  • Communities were organized into barangays (Balangay) and Sultanates, typically consisting of 30-100 families.
  • Chieftains (Datus or Rajahs) were responsible for decision-making across social, cultural, spiritual, and political spheres.
  • Pre-Spanish laws included oral traditions and written customary laws, determined by community elders and chieftains.
  • Examples include the Maragtas Code, Code of Kalantiaw, and the Kor'an.
  • Women in pre-colonial Filipino society held significant roles in intermarriages, trade, and rituals.

Spanish Period (1565-1898)

  • The Spanish colonization led to significant changes in governance.
  • The Spanish implemented a system where the Governor-General held vast powers, appointed minor officials, and nominated religious positions.
  • The Governor-General also acted as Chief Justice and issued executive orders.
  • Colonial rule established local governments through the Alcadia and Corregimiento.
  • The Governor-General was the central figurehead of the Philippine government, with vast power in the colony.
  • Filipinos were subjected to unpaid labor in shipyards (Polo y Servicio) and provincial commodity quotas (Bandala).
  • The Encomienda system was a policy that rewarded Spanish crown servants by granting them land and its population for tribute, census, and labor.
  • Social classes emerged, including a wealthy, educated class (Gente Illustrada) and a poorer, less-educated class (Gente Baja).
  • The friars became influential, acting as supervisors of local elections, administrators, and tax collectors.

The Philippine Revolution

  • On August 30, 1896, Governor-General Ramon Blanco imposed martial law in several provinces, due to the increasing rebellions.
  • The Cry of Pugad Lawin marked the beginning of the Philippine Revolution.
  • Following Andres Bonifacio's death, Emilio Aguinaldo led the Katipunan.
  • The Revolution ended with the Treaty of Paris (1898), where the U.S. purchased the Philippines from Spain.
  • The Philippine-American War followed, leading to the establishment of the First Philippine Republic.

American Colonial Period and the First Philippine Republic

  • The American period involved the establishment of the Military Government and subsequently, the Civil Government.
  • The U.S. established a temporary government which, with the passage of the Philippine Organic Act, eventually organized local governments headed by Filipino leaders.
  • The Philippine was proclaimed independent on June 12, 1898.
  • The Malolos Constitution was drafted during this revolutionary period.
  • Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as the first president under the Malolos Constitution.
  • The constitution was established as a framework for a Filipino-run government.

Commonwealth Government and the Second Republic

  • The inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth occurred on November 15, 1935.
  • The U.S. promised independence if the Philippines developed fully.
  • The Jones Law of 1916 and the Tydings-McDuffie Law outlined the steps towards independence and the formation of the Commonwealth.
  • The Second Republic was declared during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines.
  • President Manuel L. Quezon left for the U.S. due to the impending Japanese invasion, while commonwealth continued to represent the country.

Japanese Rule and the Hukbalahap Rebellion

  • The Second World War disrupted the progress toward independence, resulting in the occupation by Japan.
  • The American-Philippines forces were defeated by the Japanese during the War.
  • During Japanese occupation, several Filipinos collaborated with the Japanese.
  • Filipinos organized resistance and guerrilla groups, most notably the Hukbalahap.

Historical Periods

  • These notes provide an overview of the significant historical periods impacting the evolution of Philippine politics, government, and governance, including crucial details on legislative, judicial, and executive powers, and the resulting social and political changes.

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Module 5: Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance PDF

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