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Questions and Answers
The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development is not part of the Department of Science and Technology.
The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development is not part of the Department of Science and Technology.
False (B)
The Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards is mandated to develop standard specifications for agricultural machinery and equipment.
The Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards is mandated to develop standard specifications for agricultural machinery and equipment.
True (A)
The Agricultural and Fisheries Mechanization Law is also known as Republic Act 10602.
The Agricultural and Fisheries Mechanization Law is also known as Republic Act 10602.
False (B)
The word 'should' indicates a mandatory requirement within the standard.
The word 'should' indicates a mandatory requirement within the standard.
The Philippine National Standard for the design of canal structures is numbered PNS/BAFS/PAES 222:2017.
The Philippine National Standard for the design of canal structures is numbered PNS/BAFS/PAES 222:2017.
The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards.
The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards.
BPS Directives Part 3:2003 provides the rules for the structure and drafting of international standards.
BPS Directives Part 3:2003 provides the rules for the structure and drafting of international standards.
This standard provides maximum requirements for hydraulic evaluation and stable design of road crossing, drop, siphon, and elevated flume.
This standard provides maximum requirements for hydraulic evaluation and stable design of road crossing, drop, siphon, and elevated flume.
The standard covers only design procedures for road crossings and drops.
The standard covers only design procedures for road crossings and drops.
The Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Engineering (BAFE) is responsible for the numbering of the standard.
The Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Engineering (BAFE) is responsible for the numbering of the standard.
Vertical drop is one type of road crossing structure.
Vertical drop is one type of road crossing structure.
A baffled apron drop is a type of vertical drop structure.
A baffled apron drop is a type of vertical drop structure.
Design equations for drops are not included in this standard.
Design equations for drops are not included in this standard.
Inverted siphons have components that must be considered in their design.
Inverted siphons have components that must be considered in their design.
Elevated flumes do not require data regarding the existing channel during the design process.
Elevated flumes do not require data regarding the existing channel during the design process.
The standard provides design requirements for rectangular inclined drops but not for vertical drops.
The standard provides design requirements for rectangular inclined drops but not for vertical drops.
The symbol for the 'Canal Bed Elevation Upstream' is CBD/S.
The symbol for the 'Canal Bed Elevation Upstream' is CBD/S.
The unit for 'Canal Discharge' is m3.
The unit for 'Canal Discharge' is m3.
hLT is the symbol for 'Total Head Loss'.
hLT is the symbol for 'Total Head Loss'.
The 'critical depth' is the water flow depth where the energy content is at a maximum.
The 'critical depth' is the water flow depth where the energy content is at a maximum.
An 'inverted siphon' is a structure that conveys canal water under pressure and in a completely full state, and are used under roads, railroads, drainage channels, and local depressions.
An 'inverted siphon' is a structure that conveys canal water under pressure and in a completely full state, and are used under roads, railroads, drainage channels, and local depressions.
A 'drop' is a structure designed to maintain the water level in a canal.
A 'drop' is a structure designed to maintain the water level in a canal.
The symbol for 'Canal Area' is A, and it is measured in m2.
The symbol for 'Canal Area' is A, and it is measured in m2.
The parameter 'Conduit Cross-Sectional Area' based on the Orifice Formula is represented by the symbol Ap
The parameter 'Conduit Cross-Sectional Area' based on the Orifice Formula is represented by the symbol Ap
The 'invert' is the top edge of a canal
The 'invert' is the top edge of a canal
PNS/BAFS/PAES 218:2017 refers to the design of open channels, main canals, laterals and farm ditches.
PNS/BAFS/PAES 218:2017 refers to the design of open channels, main canals, laterals and farm ditches.
The orifice coefficient 'C' is always exactly 0.75.
The orifice coefficient 'C' is always exactly 0.75.
The area of a Round Concrete Pipe (RCP) is calculated by $Ap = \frac{\pi D_p^2}{4}$, where $D_p$ is the actual diameter.
The area of a Round Concrete Pipe (RCP) is calculated by $Ap = \frac{\pi D_p^2}{4}$, where $D_p$ is the actual diameter.
The nominal diameter of a 24-inch RCP is 61 cm.
The nominal diameter of a 24-inch RCP is 61 cm.
The available head $h_a$ is computed by subtracting the downstream water surface elevation from the upstream water surface elevation.
The available head $h_a$ is computed by subtracting the downstream water surface elevation from the upstream water surface elevation.
The velocity in a box culvert is calculated by $V_b = \frac{A_b}{Q}$ where $A_b$ is the area of the box culvert and $Q$ is the canal discharge.
The velocity in a box culvert is calculated by $V_b = \frac{A_b}{Q}$ where $A_b$ is the area of the box culvert and $Q$ is the canal discharge.
If the actual diameter of a 30 inch RCP is 76 cm, then the radius is 38 cm.
If the actual diameter of a 30 inch RCP is 76 cm, then the radius is 38 cm.
If the upstream water surface elevation is 10 m and the downstream water surface elevation is 8 m, the available head is 18 m.
If the upstream water surface elevation is 10 m and the downstream water surface elevation is 8 m, the available head is 18 m.
The area of a box culvert is calculated as the average base width multiplied by the culvert's length.
The area of a box culvert is calculated as the average base width multiplied by the culvert's length.
A streamlined warp to a rectangular opening has an inlet coefficient of 0.20.
A streamlined warp to a rectangular opening has an inlet coefficient of 0.20.
A brokenback to a rectangular opening has an outlet coefficient of 0.50.
A brokenback to a rectangular opening has an outlet coefficient of 0.50.
The conduit friction loss, $h_{Lv}$, can be calculated using the formula $h_{Lv} = S_f \times L$, where $S_f$ is the conduit slope and $L$ is the conduit length.
The conduit friction loss, $h_{Lv}$, can be calculated using the formula $h_{Lv} = S_f \times L$, where $S_f$ is the conduit slope and $L$ is the conduit length.
The minimum conduit slope for a straight line profile is 0.050.
The minimum conduit slope for a straight line profile is 0.050.
The total head loss is calculated by multiplying 1.20 with the sum of inlet transition loss, conduit friction loss, and outlet transition loss.
The total head loss is calculated by multiplying 1.20 with the sum of inlet transition loss, conduit friction loss, and outlet transition loss.
Outlet transition loss is calculated using the formula $h_{Lo} = k_o (h_{v2} - h_{vp})$, where $k_o$ is the outlet coefficient.
Outlet transition loss is calculated using the formula $h_{Lo} = k_o (h_{v2} - h_{vp})$, where $k_o$ is the outlet coefficient.
An earth canal to RCP opening has an inlet coefficient of 1.00.
An earth canal to RCP opening has an inlet coefficient of 1.00.
Drop structures are required for the stability of the canal when there is a minor change in the canal's elevation.
Drop structures are required for the stability of the canal when there is a minor change in the canal's elevation.
The optimal placement and design of drop structures must balance stability and budgetary concerns.
The optimal placement and design of drop structures must balance stability and budgetary concerns.
When selecting a type of lining for a canal drop, only the materials should be considered, not the flow velocities.
When selecting a type of lining for a canal drop, only the materials should be considered, not the flow velocities.
If the elevation difference is more than 5 meters, a vertical drop is required rather than an inclined structure.
If the elevation difference is more than 5 meters, a vertical drop is required rather than an inclined structure.
Detailed information about the existing canal structures nearby, is not relevant when designing a new canal drop.
Detailed information about the existing canal structures nearby, is not relevant when designing a new canal drop.
The standard requires having data about subsoil water levels and seasonal fluctuations to design canal drops.
The standard requires having data about subsoil water levels and seasonal fluctuations to design canal drops.
A vertical drop is unsuitable to use for drops of 2 meters and a discharge up to $5 m^3$.
A vertical drop is unsuitable to use for drops of 2 meters and a discharge up to $5 m^3$.
A baffled apron drop uses a water cushion for energy dissipation.
A baffled apron drop uses a water cushion for energy dissipation.
In the design procedure of a vertical drop, the basin elevation is determined before determining the basin length.
In the design procedure of a vertical drop, the basin elevation is determined before determining the basin length.
Flashcards
What is a Standard?
What is a Standard?
A document that outlines the requirements and specifications for a particular product, process, or service.
What is the PNS/BAFS/PAES 221:2017 standard?
What is the PNS/BAFS/PAES 221:2017 standard?
This refers to a national standard, specifically for the design of canal structures like road crossings, drops, siphons, and elevated flumes.
Who initiated the development of this standard?
Who initiated the development of this standard?
The Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) played a role in developing this standard.
What was the source of funding for the standard development?
What was the source of funding for the standard development?
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What is the role of the Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards (BAFS) in this context?
What is the role of the Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards (BAFS) in this context?
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Who approved this standard?
Who approved this standard?
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What is the purpose of this standard?
What is the purpose of this standard?
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What is the difference between 'shall' and 'should' in this standard?
What is the difference between 'shall' and 'should' in this standard?
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What is the purpose of PNS/BAFS/PAES 221:2017?
What is the purpose of PNS/BAFS/PAES 221:2017?
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What's the key principle behind designing canal structures?
What's the key principle behind designing canal structures?
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What's the purpose of a road crossing in a canal?
What's the purpose of a road crossing in a canal?
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What is the function of a drop in a canal system?
What is the function of a drop in a canal system?
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What is an inverted siphon in a canal and how does it work?
What is an inverted siphon in a canal and how does it work?
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What is an elevated flume and how does it function?
What is an elevated flume and how does it function?
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What factors are considered when designing canal structures?
What factors are considered when designing canal structures?
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What does it mean to design canal structures for both stability and efficiency?
What does it mean to design canal structures for both stability and efficiency?
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Canal Discharge (Q)
Canal Discharge (Q)
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Orifice
Orifice
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Orifice Coefficient (C)
Orifice Coefficient (C)
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Available Head (ha)
Available Head (ha)
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Conduit Cross-Sectional Area
Conduit Cross-Sectional Area
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RCP Diameter (Dp)
RCP Diameter (Dp)
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Box Culvert Height (hb)
Box Culvert Height (hb)
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Conduit Velocity
Conduit Velocity
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Critical Depth
Critical Depth
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Drop
Drop
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Elevated Flume
Elevated Flume
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Equipment Crossing
Equipment Crossing
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Invert
Invert
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Inverted Siphon
Inverted Siphon
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Road Crossing
Road Crossing
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Canal Area
Canal Area
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Canal Bottom Width
Canal Bottom Width
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Drop Structure Selection Criteria
Drop Structure Selection Criteria
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Lining Material and Flow Velocities
Lining Material and Flow Velocities
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Inclined Drops for Large Elevations
Inclined Drops for Large Elevations
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Contour Plan Requirement
Contour Plan Requirement
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Profile Sheet Requirement
Profile Sheet Requirement
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Canal Flow Data Requirements
Canal Flow Data Requirements
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Lining Details Requirement
Lining Details Requirement
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Drop Structure Height Requirement
Drop Structure Height Requirement
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Inlet Coefficient
Inlet Coefficient
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Outlet Coefficient
Outlet Coefficient
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Conduit Friction Loss
Conduit Friction Loss
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Outlet Transition Loss
Outlet Transition Loss
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Total Head Loss
Total Head Loss
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Drop Structure
Drop Structure
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Drop Structure Criteria
Drop Structure Criteria
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Minimum Conduit Slope
Minimum Conduit Slope
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Study Notes
Philippine National Standard - Design of Canal Structures
- Standard Number: PNS/BAFS/PAES 221:2017
- ICS Number: 65.060.35
- Subject Matter: Design of canal structures (road crossings, drops, siphons, and elevated flumes).
- Initiated by: Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under a project.
- Funding Source: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture, and Forestry.
- Developed by: Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards (BAFS).
- Mandate: To develop standard specifications and test procedures for agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment (per AFMech Law of 2013, Republic Act 10601).
- Standard Development Process: Endorsed for DA Secretary's approval through the Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering (BAFE) and the Bureau of Philippine Standards (BPS) for inclusion in Philippine National Standard (PNS).
- Document Structure: Covers scope, references, symbols, definitions, road crossings, drops, inverted siphons, elevated flumes, design procedure, design equations, and bibliography.
Road Crossing
- General Criteria: Right-angle intersection preferred.
- Data Requirements: Canal hydraulic elements (discharge, velocity, area, width, depth, etc.), levels upstream and downstream of the structure.
- Design Procedure: Determine conduit size, available head, conduit velocity, and invert elevation. Account for total head loss (inlet, friction, and outlet transition losses).
Drops
- General Criteria: For significant elevation changes. Selection by cost and stability.
- Data Requirements: Contour plan, profile sheet, canal structure locations, cross-section, types of drop, velocity information, upstream & downstream levels and relevant details.
Inverted Siphon
- Components: Inlet and outlet transitions, conduit, blowoff structure and manhole.
- Design Criteria: The siphon should be short and intersecting angles to be as close as possible to 90 degrees. Minimum cover requirements for different types. The slope of the conduit should follow certain parameters, and velocity needs to follow specific patterns depending on the location.
- Data Requirements: Accurate contour plan and cross-section of the river.
Elevated Flume
- Design Criteria: Suitable if canal bed is high enough, with sufficient freeboard (clearance). Velocity and slope need to meet specific parameters to prevent undesirable water surface undulations.
- Data Requirements: Details of the relevant hydraulic elements, upstream and downstream levels, with sufficient specifics.
Design Procedure
- Follows defined formulas and equations for each type of structure to derive calculated values for each component of different aspects of the canal systems.
- Comprehensive procedures ensure accuracy and proper implementation of design principles throughout the process.
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Description
Explore the Philippine National Standard PNS/BAFS/PAES 221:2017 dedicated to the design of canal structures including road crossings, drops, and siphons. This standard aims to establish specifications and test procedures critical for agricultural and fisheries machinery. Test your knowledge on the development process and key components outlined in this standard.
