Philippine History: Pre-historic Period

Philippine History: Pre-historic Period

• The Land Bridge Theory posits the Philippine archipelago was once part of mainland Asia, bridging the Asian continent to Indonesia and Australia.
• About 250,000 years ago, rising sea levels during the post-glacial period submerged land bridges, forming the Philippine and Indonesian archipelagos.
• Another theory suggests the Philippines and Indonesia are remnants of a sunken Pacific continent called Mu or Lemuria, though this is considered unscientific.
• There are many theories on the origin of the earliest people in the Philippines, but no definite evidence exists.
• Biblical theory states that humankind descended from Adam and Eve.
• Filipino myth and folklore state that the first male was Malakas and Maganda was his mate.
• Dr. H.O. Beyer's migration theory proposes that the Dawn Man, a cousin of Java Man and Peking Man, populated the islands 250,000 years ago.
• Man first appeared in the Philippines during the middle Pleistocene period via land bridges.
• The Tabon Cave Man, found in Palawan, lived around 22,000 B.C.
• Prof. F. Landa Jocano argues that Filipinos had an elaborated civilization in the past, which was systematically distorted during colonization.

Philippine History: Pre-Colonial Period

• Bahay Kubo (nipa hut) was climate-suitable, raised above ground with bamboo or wood stakes (haligi).
• Batalan served as a washing and bathing area.
• Badjaos (sea gypsies) lived in boat-houses in Sulu, deriving their living from the sea.
• Male Filipinos wore a collarless short-sleeved jacket called Kanggan as the upper part of their clothing.
• Bahag was a strip of cloth wrapped around their waist and between legs for the lower part of their clothing.
• Putong was the men's headgear.
• Women wore a wide-sleeved jacket called Baro o camisa
• Saya (Tagalog) and Patadyong (Visayans) served as the woman's skirt.
• Tapis was a white or red cloth wrapped around the waist.
• Ornaments included armlets, gold rings, gold necklaces, and gold bracelets called Kalumbiga.
• Early Filipinos adorned their bodies with tattoos.
• The Visayans were heavily tattooed, leading Spanish missionaries to call them Pintados.
• Pre-Spanish society divided into nobles (the chiefs, their families, and relatives carrying titles like Gat or Lakan), freemen, and dependents.
• Freemen were usually free-born individuals or freed slaves.
• Dependents (Alipin) included Aliping namamahay, who owned houses and properties, and Aliping sagigilid, who had no rights and could be sold.
• The pre-colonial political unit was the barangay, composed of 30–100 families and ruled by a chieftain (Datu, Hari, or Raja).
• Mourning practices involved Laraw/Larao for a dead chieftain, Maglahe for a dead man, and Mortal for a dead woman.
• Ancient Filipinos spoke over a hundred languages and dialects.
• The 8 major languages included Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, Samarnon, and Maguindanao.
• Most languages and dialects originated from the Malayo-Polynesian linguistic family.
• Pre-colonial Filipinos had both written and oral literature.
• Oral literature included Awit (song), Salawikain (proverbs), Hele (cradle songs), Bugtong (riddles), and Ihiman (wedding songs)
• Kumintang (war songs) can also be included as part of oral literature.
• Written literature examples include epics such as Hudhudan and Alim-Ifugao, Haniong-Bicolanos, and Bantungan, Indripatra, Sulayman, Parang Sabil-Muslims.
• Musical instruments included Kudyapi (Tagalog guitar), Tultogan (Visayan bamboo drum), Silbay (Ilocano reed flute), and Kutibeng (Ilocano five-stringed guitar).
• Dances included Balitaw and Dandansoy (Visayans), Kumintang (love dances – Tagalog), Mahinhin (courtship dance – Tagalog), and Kinnotan (Ilocanos ants dances).
• Asian cultural heritage included Indian, Chinese and Arabic influences.

Asian Cultural Heritage: Indian Influences

• Sri Vidjaya was an Indianized Malayo-Buddhist empire
• Madjapahit was a Hindu Malayan empire.
• Orange Dampuan refers to men of Champa who were vassals of the Sri Vidjaya Empire.
• Prominent deities include B'hattara (Great Lord) and Indra Battara
• Indra referred to the sky god
• Agni as the god of fire
• Surya as the god of sun
• Mahabharata is a famous Indian epic
• Putong is a type of headgear
• Sarong is a type of Indian sari.

Asian Cultural Heritage: Chinese Influences

• Ma-i is the old Chinese name for the Philippines
• Parian (now Binondo) refers to a Chinese colony in Manila
• Chiensi and Bagtai are Chinese in origin
• Sagnle, Inkong and Hebi are Chinese in origin
• A-chi-ate, Bi-koe, Pin-to, Pansit and Ampua are Chinese in origin

Asian Cultural Heritage: Arabic Influences

• Mudum was the first to introduce Islam in the Malay Peninsula
• Rajah was a ruler of Sumatra who preached the doctrines of Muhammad in Sulu
• Abu Bakar was a Muslim missionary who propagated the Islamic faith in the Philippines
• Paramisuli was Baginda's daughter
• Lantaka referred to a cannon
• Vinta was the name of warboat

Dates to Remember

• Ferdinand Magellan sighted the island of Samar on March 16, 1521
• Magellan landed on Himonhon and named the island "Archipelago of St. Lazarus" on March 17, 1521
• The first blood compact between Magellan and Raja Kilambo of Limasawa occurred on March 29, 1521
• The first Christian mass was officiated by Father Pedro de Valderrama in Limasawa, Southern Leyte on March 31, 1521
• Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521

Spanish Colonial Integration

• Ru Lopez de Villalobos named Samar and Leyte "Filipinas" on Feb 2, 1543
• General Miguel Lopez de Villalobos reached Cebu and claimed the island for Spain on February 13, 1565
• A blood compact was contracted between Legazpi and Raja Sikatuna of Bohol on March 16, 1565
• Cebu was named La Villa de San Miguel on April 27, 1565
• La Villa de San Miguel was renamed Ciudada del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus in honor of Sto. Nino by January 1, 1571
• Manila was conquered by Martin de Goiti on June 3, 1571
• Manila was named “Distinguised and Ever Loyal City" on June 24, 1571
• Martin de Goiti was killed by Limahong, a Chinese pirate, on November 30, 1574
• The Royal Audience was established as Supreme Court on May 16, 1584
• The Spanish Navy led by Juan Ronaquillo defeated the Dutch feet by on April 13-14, 1617
• The Spanish Navy defeated the Dutch Fleet in the Battle of Manila on October 3, 1646
• General William Draper and Admiral Samuel Cornish conquered Manila on October 5, 1762
• Britain surrendered the Philippines to Spain on May 17, 1764
• A truce was sigend between France and England and ended the seven-year war on May 31, 1764
• The Dagohoy rebellion lasted for 85 years on October 31, 1829
• Manila was opened to world trade on September 6, 1834
• Apolinario dela Cruz known as "Hermano Pule" fought against the Spain government on November 4, 1841

The Rise of Nationalism

• The birth of Dr. Jose P. Rizal was in Calamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861
• A meeting in Cavite led the Filipino Sargent Lamadrid to kill the Spanish officers on January 17, 1872
• The execution of GOMBURZA happened on February 17, 1872
• The La Association Hispano Filipino aims to campaigns for Filipino Representative on January 12, 1889
• The La Solidaridad was created and served as the official organ of the Reform Movement on February 15, 1889
• Rizal's El Filibusterismo was published on February 18, 1891
• La Liga Filipina was founded by Rizal to unite the Filipinos on July 3, 1892

The Philippine Revolution

• Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, Mindanao for four years, starting on July 7, 1892
• The Katipunan was discovered on August 19, 1896
• The Philippine Revolution began with “Cry of Balintawak" on August 23, 1896
• The Battle of Pinaglabanan occurred on August 30, 1896
• General Emilio Aguinaldo led the uprising in Kawit, Cavite on August 31, 1896
• The "Los Trece Martirez de Cavite were executed on September 12, 1896
• The Martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal in Luneta de Bagubayan occurred on December 30, 1896
• The Tejeros Convention resolved the conflict between the Magdalo and the Magdiwang factions of the Katipunan on March 22, 18979
• The Bonifacio brothers were executed on May 10, 1897
• The Biak-na-Bato, a revolutionary government, was established on July 7, 1897
• The truce of Biak-na-Bato was signed on December 15, 1897

The American Period

• The American warship Maine was destroyed on February 15, 1898
• The United States of America declared war against Spain on April 25, 1898
• Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish Armada in the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898
• General Emilio Aguinaldo waved the Philippine flag for the first time on May 28, 1898
• Philippine Independence was proclaimed on June 12, 1898
• The Mock Battle of Manila Bay occurred on August 13, 1898
• Military government was established on August 14, 1898
• The Treaty of Paris recognized Spain's surrender of the Philippines for $ 20 million on December 10, 1898

Period of Suppressed Nationalism

• America's Benevolent Assimilation occurred on December 21, 1898
• The First Philippine Republic occurred on January 23, 1899
• The Filipino -American War outbreak occurred on February 4, 1899
• Capital was transferred to San Fernando, Pampanga on March 31, 1899
• General Gregorio del Pilar was killed on December 2, 1899
• General Emilio Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901
• General Antonio Lucban attacked the American garrison on September 28, 1901
• The first Philippine Assembly occurred on October 16, 1907
• The University of the Philippines was established on June 18, 1908
• Francis Burton Harrison was the first American Governor General on October 6, 1913
• The signing of Underwood-Simons Tariff Law occurred on October 13, 1913
• The Jones Law granted the creation of bicameral legislature on August 29, 1916
• The Communist Party of the Philippines was founded on August 26, 1930
• The Right of Suffrage was granted on December 7, 1933
• Commonwealth Government creation occurred on March 24, 1934
• Constitution of the Philippines approved by President FDR on March 23, 1935

Other Significant Events

• The SAKDALISTA party creation occurred on May 12, 1935
• Commonwealth Government Inauguration happened on November 15, 1935
• Pearl Harbor was bombed occurred on December 8, 1941
• Manila was declared as an Open City occurred on December 26, 1941
• The HUKBALAHAP creation occurred on March 29, 1942
• The Fall of Bataan occurred on April 9, 1942
• The Fall of Corregidor Island occurred on May 6, 1942
• The puppet Republic inauguration occurred on October 14, 1943
• The Leyte Landing occurred on October 20, 1944
• The Battle of Leyte Gulf occurred from October 24 to 26, 1944
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki was bombed on August 6-9, 1945
• The Japanese surrendered occurred on September 2, 1945

Events in the Third Republic

• The US Congress approved the Philippine Rehabilitation Act on April 30, 1946
• The Third Republic was inaugurated on July 4, 1946
• An agreement was signed between the US and Philippines on March 14, 1947.
• President Manuel Roxas died on April 4, 1947.
• Ramon M. Magsaysay and Carlos P. Garcia were elected on November 10, 1953.
• Lois Taruc surrendered
• The SEATO was organized on September 8-10, 1954
• President Ramon Magsaysay died on March 17, 1957
• Diosdado Macapagal was elected President on November 11, 1957
• President Diosdado Macapagal changed the date of Philippine Independence Day on May 12, 1962
• President Diosdado Macapagal approved the Agriculture Land Reform code on August 8, 1963

Events in the Contemporary Era

• Congressman Ferdinand Marcos was elected president on November 9, 1965
• ASEAN was created on August 8, 1967
• Gloria Diaz won the Miss Universe Title on July 20, 1968
• The CPP was created on December 26, 1968
• President Ferdinand Marcos was reelected president on November 11, 1969
• The 1971 Constitutional Convention occurred on June 1, 1971
• The Plaza Miranda Bombing occurred on August 21, 1971
• Martial Law was signed on September 21, 1972
• Martial Law was officially announced on September 23, 1972
• The Marcos regime came to an end on February 25, 1986
• A new constitution was ratified on February 2, 1987
• The US Military Bases were extended.
• Philippine hosted APEC in 1996
• President Estrada was charged with plunder in 2000.
• The Philippines and US launched the "Balokatan 02-1 in 2002

Geography: The World

• Land Area: 148,429,000 sq.km. of which, 26% is Land and 74% is Water.
• Population: 6,600,000,000
• Density: 42.4 person per sq.km.
• Population projection in 2025: 7,900,000,000
• Gross National Product: US $ 5,170 per capital
• Largest Ocean: Pacific Ocean (179,998,986 sq. km.)
• Smallest Ocean: Arctic Ocean (9,505,256 sq. km.)
• Largest Sea: South China Sea (29,748,602 sq. km.)
• Largest Lake: Caspian Sea (37,099 sq. km.)
• Longest River: Nile River (6.655 km.)
• Highest Point: Mount Everest (8,848 m)
• Lowest Point: Dead Sea (399 m / 1,308 ft. below sea level)
• Largest Desert: Sahara Desert (9,194,457 sq. km.)
• Largest Island: The Island of Greenland (2,131,560 sq. km.)
• Largest Peninsula: Arabian peninsula
• Largest Archipelago: Indonesia

Ancient and Medieval Wonders of the World

• Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece
• Temple of Artemis at Euphesus, Turkey
• Great Pyramid in Cairo, Egypt
• Zeus at Olympia, Greece
• Colossus of Rhodes, Mediterranean Island of Rhodes in Greece
• Hanging Garden of Babylon, Iraq
• Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Aegan Sea, South West of Turkey
• Pharos of Alexandria, Egypt
• The Hagia Sophia, Turkey
• Stonehenge. England
• Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, People's Republic of China
• Great Wall of China
• Colloseum in Rome, Italy
• Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa in Alexandria, Egypt
• Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy

Modern Wonders of the World

• Golden Bridge in San Francisco, USA
• The Empire State Building in New York City, USA
• CN Tower in Toronto, Canada
• North Sea Protection Works, Netherlands
• Channel Tunnel, Europe connecting Folkstone England with Calais, France
• Panama Canal, across the isthmus of Panama
• Itaipu Dam, North of International Bridge linking Brazil and Paraguay

Other Wonders of the World

• Aztec Temple, Mexico
• Bananue Rice Terraces, Philippines
• Borobudur Temple, Indonesia
• Mayan Temples, Northern Guatemala
• Gateway Arch in St. Louis, USA
• Hoover Dam in Arizona, USA
• Statue of Liberty in New York City, USA
• Sydney Opera House, Australia
• Eiffel Tower in Paris, France
• Big Ben in London, England
• Inca City of Machu Picchu, Peru
• Statue of Cristo Redentor in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Aswan Dam, Egypt
• Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Geography: Asia

• In South East Asia are Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam
• In South West Asia are Afghanistan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar and Saudi Arabia
• In East Asia are China, Japan, and Turkey
• In North Asia are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan, Tajikistan, Turmenstan, Uzbekistan
• South Asia consist of Bangladesh and Bhutan

Geography: The Philippines

• The Philippines is an archipelago and the second largest in the world, next to Indonesia
• It has 7,107 islands, which occupies 300,000 sq. km.
• In comparison, The Philippines is about as large as Italy, Poland, or Vietnam
• The Philippines is the 20th largest country among Asia's 48 countries
• The Philippines is the 14th most populous country in the world
• The major islands are Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol, and Masbate.
• Overall, the topography of the country is rugged terrain.
• The coastline is 17,468.5 km.
• Major plains: Central Luzon Plain, Cagayan Valley, Agusan - Davan Plain, Cotabato Valley
• Principal Plateaus: Lanao - Bukidnon Plateau, Tiruray Tableland in Maguindanao
• Scenic Waterfalls: Maria Cristina Falls and Limunsudan Falls
• Mineral Springs: Tiwi Hot Springs and Mangsingal Spring
• Major Lakes: Laguna de Bay and Lake Buluan
• Volcanoes: Mayon in Albay and Taal in Batangas
• Highest Peaks: Mount Apo and Kitanglad
• Mountain Systems: Caraballo del Sur and Sierra Madre
• River Systems: Rio Grande de Cagayan and Agno River

Political Science and Other Related Laws in Education

• Political science is the systematic study of the state and government.
• Political theory deals with the origin, form, behavior, and purposes of the state.
• Public Law covers government organization, authority limitations, powers, duties, and state obligations.
• Public Administration focuses on managing state affairs by the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
• Political Science and History
• Political Science and Economics
• Political science and Geography
• Political science and Sociology & Anthropology
• Political science and Psychology- Mental and emotional processes influencing political behavior.
• Political science and Philosophy- Concepts of intellectuals

Elements of a State

• People: Mass population in a state.
• Territory: Land jurisdiction, rivers, lakes, sea area, and air space.
• Government: The body expressing and executing state will.
• Sovereignty: Freedom from foreign control with power to enforce obedience.
• Origins: Divine right theory, necessity or force, paternalistic theory, social contact theory
• The 1899 Malolos Constitution
• The 1935 Tyding - McDuffie – Philippine Independence Act
• The 1973 and 1987 Constitution

Basic Principles of the 1987 Constitution

• Recognition and aid of Almighty God
• Sovereignty of the people
• Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy
• Separation of Church and State
• Supremacy of civilian authority over the military
• Guarantee of human rights

Branches of the Philippine Government

• Legislative Department: Make and change laws.
• Executive Department: Administer and enforce laws.
• Qualifications of the President and Vice President: Natural-born citizen and at least 40 y.o.
• Effects of martial law: Operation of the Constitution and function of legislative assemblies
• Judicial Department: Apply laws to settle disputes, power of judicial review
• Jursidiction of Courts- The power and authority of a court to hear, try, and decided a case

Education, Science and Technology, Arts Culture and Sports

• Education aims to skill, competence, or usually, desirable qualities of behaviour and character to render him fit for the duties of life.
• Article II Goals include: "The state shall give priority to education, science, and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster Section 17 patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development.”
• State should: Equal opportunity to quality education Problem of poor school facilities and services
• Systems of education: Education service contracting scheme, Educational development projects and Non - formal Education Accreditation and Equivalency
• Compulsory elementary education for all children of school age
• The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities

Other Facts about Education

• Religious and Academic freedom is important
• Language: a method of communication in Schools
• Culture and Sports are significant

Importance of Family to the State

• Family is the smallest but the most basic social institution
• Section 1, Article XV: "The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation"
• Related Laws include; Republic Act 1836 in teaching

Key Points on Review

• Highest and fundamental law of the land is constitution
• Vital national issues that can be referred to the people is Referendum
• the goal of social economy is; Equitable distribution of wealth and income

Key Points on Economic and Anthropology

• Factor of production is transformation to profit
• 3 types of economic systems:
• Market Economy (Capitalism)- There is private own ship of economic resources
• Command Economy (Communism)- Own by Government
• Mixed Economy (Socialism)- Have key industries
• Land refer to relationships to lands
• The welfare of the landless farmers is the Policy which is pursued by CARP
• 3 types of Anthropology: Ethnology and Archaeology

Key Points on Preindustrial Societies

• Primitive Communism- The earliest mode of economic life
• Reciprocity: payback
• Neolithic- In agriculture
• Political Leaders show concern for the common good
• Society can be described through ; Agriculture and Pastoral