Philippine History: Early Inhabitants and Settlements
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Questions and Answers

What was the traditional type of house in Apayao with an elevated rectangular one-room structure and protected by a high-pitch thatch roof that resembles a pointed barrel vault?

Balai

Match the following terms with their definitions: 1) Ladder of a Badjao House 2) Stone stair 3) Roof Undersheating 4) Undersheating (blanket) 5) Binding Rafter 6) Traditional Badjao Boat House

Sakiatan = Stone Stair Harunan/Harun = Ladder of a Badjao House Rarat = Roof Undersheating Torok = Undersheating (blanket) Sapditan = Binding Rafter Luma = Traditional Badjao Boat House

What was the main purpose of the Drain Gutter in traditional Filipino houses?

  • To store excess water
  • To enhance the aesthetic of the house
  • To redirect rainwater (correct)
  • To provide a pathway for drainage

    • The second largest ethnic community in the Sulu Archipelago is the Tausug.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Torogan literally translates as _______________

    <p>a place for sleeping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the iconic parts of the Torogan known as, which are the floor end beams that protect frontally into butterfly shapes, naga, and pako rabong armalis (ferns)?

    <p>Panalong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the Grand Mosque, Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Masjid?

    <p>Grand Mosque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Sultanate was the first in the Philippines?

    <p>Sulu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oldest mosque in the Philippines is located in Tubig, Indangan, Simunul Islands.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Spanish Inquisition known for in relation to the conquered Muslims?

    <p>conversion to Christianity with brute force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of Tawhid in Islamic doctrine?

    <p>Unity of Allah</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the Ka'aba the most sacred architecture of Islam?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____________ is a profession of faith that begins with the verse 'There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the prophet of Allah.'

    <p>Shahada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Islamic prayer-related term with its description:

    <p>Mimbar = Pulpit for Friday sermon Mihrab = Prayer niche in mosque Ablution fountain = Used for cleansing before prayer Minaret = Where callings to the mosque are made</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Hanglad Girder in an Ifugao house?

    <p>To hold the floor joists of the house</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pakaw Rafter is used to support a thick and heavy cogon grass roof.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Palan Attic in an Ifugao house?

    <p>storage area for rice grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Tukud Post made of large round logs, 8-12 inches wide by 6-10 feet in length, is buried about 2-3 feet below the ground and secured in with ______ around.

    <p>stone boulders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following architectural features with their descriptions:

    <p>Lobong Water = irrigated water from the forest distributed to rice fields Gawaan Central Floor Joist = an inverted wooden tee beam supporting floorboards Dagtom = bamboo water containers with a removable opening for refilled water Kuta = fortified place for military troops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the architectural influences in the Philippines?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the late national architect mentioned in the text?

    <p>Leandro Locsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural feature is commonly seen in Filipino mosques similar to those in Southeast Asian neighbors?

    <p>light materials such as wood, bamboo and cogon grass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bahay-Kubo is an example of a traditional Filipino house.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Golden Mosque in Quiapo, Manila also known as?

    <p>Masjid Al-Dhahab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bahay na Bato means 'Stone House' in ________.

    <p>Tagalog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following architectural styles with their respective time periods:

    <p>Art Nouveau = Emerged in the central business district Art Deco = Bi-word for Philippine architecture post-World War II International Modern Style = Primary mode of expression for modern Philippine architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Islamic art in the Philippines emphasizes human and animal forms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Madrasa is a school for the study of Muslim ___ and religious science.

    <p>law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the structures with their functions:

    <p>Mosque = Place of worship Madrasah = Public schools Hammam = Bathhouse Caravanserai = Roadside inn for travelers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural styles were trendy and imitated in the Philippines?

    <p>Bahay Kubo and Bahay na Bato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Post Modernism reshaped the country's architectural style in the 1980s.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest and oldest cave dwelling found in the southwest of Palawan?

    <p>Tabon Cave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ house was built as a safeguard from night-time ambushes by tribal enemies.

    <p>Kalinga Tree House</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following architectural elements with their corresponding structures:

    <p>Bahay Kubo = Lowland dwelling with a triangular roof and free-standing support Torogan = Traditional residence of the reigning Sultan of the Maranao people and his family Lean To = Single-pitched roof used by Negritos like the Aeta and Dinagat Rice Terraces of the Cordillera = Wonder of engineering with massive towering walls and skillfully devised irrigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the word 'Volada' mean in Spanish?

    <p>to fly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'Biombos' mainly used for?

    <p>Hiding servants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dapugan is a platform in the kitchen where the '______' or clay stove is placed.

    <p>Kalan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Banera refers to a bathtub.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Escritoriong Tinipaklong = Table for sewing in a girl's room Ventanilla = Window located under the windowsill Concha = Latticework panels framing translucent capiz shells Mirador = Small room at the tower used as a lookout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the Bontoc people live?

    <p>Near the Chico River</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Lumawig is the Bontoc Supreme Deity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bontoc house bottom floor is called _____-nan.

    <p>Cha-la</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding meanings:

    <p>Hagabi = Feast for the most wealthy Bontoc people Dap-ay = Kankana-ey men's dormitory and civic center Bale = Traditional Ifugao house Sawali = Flattened split bamboo woven together into herringbone patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early Inhabitants of the Philippines

    • The first inhabitants of the Philippines arrived between 3000 and 2000 B.C.
    • They were of Malay-Polynesian descendants.

    Barangay Societies

    • People lived in groups of 30-100 families in societies known as barangays.
    • Barangays were led by a datu or raha/hari or lakan (leader of the barangay).

    Introduction of Islam

    • Islam was introduced in Sulu in the 14th century and in Mindanao in the 15th century.

    Early Shelters

    • Caves were used as early shelters by Filipinos.

    Traditional Houses

    • Pre-Hispanic houses were rectangular structures elevated on stilts, with voluminous thatched roofs ornamented with gable finials.
    • Houses could be lifted as a whole and carried to a new site.

    House Components

    • Balai: a traditional type of house in Apayao with an elevated rectangular one-room structure and a high-pitch thatch roof.
    • Atap: a high-pointed arch-shaped roof with layers of thick cogon grass or nipa leaves.
    • Dinding: wallboards, rectangular wooden panels vertically fitted on a groove of the wall sill and girt to enclose upper floor space.
    • Ribayan: eaves, the lower end of the thick cogon roof projecting beyond the wallboards.
    • Tapi: floor beam, a horizontal timber member attached above the floor joist and the outer post to provide support for the raised section of the floor.
    • Lawang: drain gutter, a shallow drain canal located just below the roof eaves, constructed along the perimeter of the house to capture and redirect rainwater.
    • Bobong: roof ridge, layers of thick cogon grass meticulously laid above the ridge to cover the space created along the ridge after cogon roof was installed.
    • Sakkar: tie beam, a camber-shaped rectangular beam that holds the roof beam on its ends to keep the roof beam in place.
    • Toldog: floor joist, a hand-hewn rectangular lumber with cove ends laid above the posts to hold the flooring.
    • Sidung/Linung: basement, the unusable space below the house primarily intended to keep the house from dampness and humidity of the ground.
    • Talaxatag: wood floor, a fixed wooden floor attached to the floor joist with spacing, almost twice its size.
    • Anadixiyan: girder, a rectangular member connecting posts and supporting floor beams.

    House Features

    • Tabungan: gable opening, an opening above the upper-end of the gable wall used as smoke exhaust.
    • Rarat: roof undersheating, an undersheating for the roof made from closely-knit dried reed grass which forms a mat.
    • Dapug: hearth, the earthen hearth of the house located inside the bamboo extension and attached to the main house.
    • Soba: breadth of the house, the overall width of the main house.
    • Sotan/Lamdaw: window, a portion along the exterior wall where wallboards can be removed to have an opening for windows.
    • Banga: cooking jar, earthen pot used for cooking.
    • Amoto: jar for holding water, earthen jar used for storing water for cooking, washing, and drinking purposes.
    • Arangat: shelf, the shelf above the dishwashing area used for storing plates, bowls, etc.
    • Padurot: length of the house, the overall length of the main house.
    • Gawayan: interior of the house, the spacious hall of the main house, without partitions and with a portion of the floor raised to about 4" which can function as a seat or any related use.
    • Agdan: ladder, the wooden or bamboo ladder used both at the main house and the kitchen extension.
    • Balatad: path walk, stone pavers laid over muddy ground serving as a path walk from one house to another, or from one settlement to another.
    • Irat: binding rafter, a horizontal roof member made from wooden branches, tied under the rafter to prevent them from moving.
    • Sokar: collar beam, a three-layer wooden branch, placed below the binding rafter which serves to tie and unite the two opposing bent rafters.
    • Talabawan: ridge beam, a horizontal member at the apex of the roof, made from wood branches and used to support the roof of the house.
    • Patuna/Pantud: king post, a hand-hewn lumber, vertically fitted on its ends with mortise joints to the tie and collar beams, used to provide additional support to the heavy roof.
    • Tadawag/Baday: rafter, a thin, pliable board, hand-hewn into bent form, tied to the ridge beam at the apex of the roof and the roof beam above the wall to support the thick cogon grass roof.
    • Adixi: outer post, a square hand-hewn timber post, approximately twice the length of the inner post, which supports the heavy roofing framework and its thick cogon grass roof.
    • Sinit: inner post, a square hand-hewn timber post supporting the elevated floor space.
    • Datag/Xassaran: flooring made of bamboo or rattan mat, a flooring made from closely knit bamboo strips or dried reed mat which can be removed and washed along rivers.
    • Ampakan: roof beam, a rectangular beam connecting the outer columns that support the roof's structural framework.
    • Agdanan: wall sill, a horizontal wooden member placed above floor beams and grooved to hold the enclosing wallboards.
    • Axeran: girt, a rectangular horizontal wooden member along the perimeter of the house supporting the closing wallboards and the upper roofing frameworks.

    Badjao Houses

    • Badjao houses are elevated rectangular one-room structures with a steep hip type cogon roof.
    • Jambatan: footbridge, a bridge connecting the house to the shore or land.
    • Taytayan: catwalk, a walkway leading to the badjao house.
    • Harunan/Harun: ladder of a badjao house.
    • Luma: the traditional badjao landhouse.
    • Lepa: traditional badjao boat house.
    • Djening: a lepa that has outriggers, roofed, and walled in on all sides by wooden boards.
    • Dapang or Vinta: not roofed, only used for fishing and short trips.

    Sagada Houses

    • Tinokbob: one of the earliest houses in Sagada, windowless with a thick and steep roof intended to withstand the cold weather conditions.
    • Atep: a steep roof with thick piles of cogon grass gathered into bundles and inserted into the rafters.
    • Dapogan: cooking area, the area located at the rear section of the house used for cooking and storing kitchen implements.
    • Kamalig: storage space, an elevated wooden platform for storing baskets and pots.
    • Lomeng: pig pen, a shallow pit enclosed with stones and boulders intended as pigs' pen.
    • Segpan: doorway, an opening as entrance into the house.
    • Agdan: ladder, a wooden ladder utilized for accessing the granary of the house.
    • Agamang: central granary, an elevated wooden structure, regarded as the heart of the house, and intended for storing rice grain and for offering sacrifices to the anito.
    • Dingding: upper wall, wooden boards for sheathing interior walls of granary.
    • Pamobbongan: ridge beam, a horizontal wooden section at the apex of the sloping roof which supports the upper end of the rafters.
    • Todog: roof undersheating, a horizontal support for roof grass made from "runo" sticks.
    • Kammanga: wall sill, a horizontal timber resting above the floor joist used to hold up the granary wallboards.
    • Desa: floor joist, a rectangular member attached to the girders which keeps up the granary structure.
    • Tokod: post, a square wood post used to support the roof and the lower horizontal plank wall.

    Samal Houses

    • Samal houses are elevated rectangular one-room structures near the coastal waters of Southern Mindanao, Palawan, Zamboanga, and Sulu archipelago.
    • Bubung: roof, the gable roof with moderate slope usually made of nipa thatch material on bamboo or wood purlins.
    • Tukalog: stud, secondary posts along the perimeter of the wall used as vertical support for the exterior thatch wall.
    • Taytayan-Tikus: roof beam, the lumber or bamboo laid horizontally throughout the perimeter of the wall to hold the upper-end portion of the posts.
    • Salsal: joist, a whole bamboo laid horizontally at about 0.40-0.60 meter spacing to support the flooring of the house.
    • Hanglad: girder, a thick lumber or bamboo which holds the floor joists of the house.
    • Gaob: wallboard, rectangular wooden planks of about 1 inch thick with varying widths and heights vertically fitted at an angle on grooved floor beams, joists, and wall headers.
    • Tukud: post, made of large round logs, 8-12 inches wide by 6-10 feet in length and buried about 2-3 feet below the ground and secured in with stone boulders around.

    Ifugao Houses

    • Palan: attic, the third level space of an Ifugao house with reed mat flooring and used as storage area for rice grains.
    • Patrie: shelf, a shelf formed by fitting### Traditional Houses of Muslim Communities in the Philippines
    • Badjao House: windowless one-room house of light materials and thatch roof built above coastal waters in Southern Philippines
    • Bay Sinug: traditional house of the Tausug people, comprised of two or more houses on stilts connected by an elevated open space serving as house extensions
    • Samal House: elevated rectangular one-room structures near coastal waters of Southern Mindanao, Palawan, Zamboanga, and Sulu archipelago
    • Torogan: sultan's house, place of residence and office of the reigning sultan and immediate members of his family; a venue for important social events and cultural rituals

    Architectural Features and Structures

    • Batangan: tie beam; a rectangular timber constructed horizontally at the mid-section of the rafters to hold the two opposing rafters in place
    • Dingding: perimeter wall enclosure made of hand-hewn wooden planks laid horizontally above every panel
    • Harunan: ladder; a thick piece of lumber tightly secured to the grider to serve as a ladder with a carved and closely-spaced conical-shaped foot rest
    • Langgal: mosque
    • Libut: pyramidal roof with vents at the apex
    • Liug: central post; the shortest column placed at the center of the house to hold the crossing of floor beams
    • Lumah: traditional house of the Yakans in the mountainous interior of Basilan Island; elevated, rectangular, one-room structure with few small windows and protected by a high-pitch thatch roof
    • Pusal: king post; a vertical member often in a form similar to a baluster with belly base, placed above the tie and roof beams to reinforce the ridge beam

    Muslim Architecture and Structures

    • Masjid: mosque; spiritual sanctuary for Muslim worship primarily governed by the liturgical axis towards Makkah (Mecca)
    • Mihrab: prayer niche; space used for communal worship for men and women
    • Mimbar: pulpit in a mosque, where the imam delivers sermons
    • Minaret: tall slender tower of a mosque where the call to prayer is pronounced
    • Kuta: fort; strong defensive place intended for military troops enclosed with ditches and ramparts and protected by bastions and bartizans

    Cultural and Historical Significance

    • Sultanate: independent datu who exercised paramount authority over the people
    • Islam in the Philippines: first introduced by visiting foreign traders and systematically spread through the conversion of community leaders and the adoption of rituals and art
    • Tarsila: written genealogical accounts interwoven with oral traditions or folklore
    • Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuwan: singularly imparted the impression of tarsilas in Maguindanao around 1515
    • Sharif Alawi: spread teachings in Lanao (Lake Lanao) and Bukidnon through marriage alliances with Muslim Iranuns and Maguindanao datus

    Islamic Concepts and Beliefs

    • Tawhid: fundamental Islamic doctrine which articulates Islamic Cosmology, meaning "Unity of Allah"
    • Adhan: calling or summon for an obligatory prayer
    • Iqamah: to stand up for a prayer
    • Salat: formal prayer which requires space both physically and mentally
    • Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca which demands space and time as it can only be performed in the 12th lunar month of the Islamic calendar### Defining Characteristics of Philippine Mosques
    • Absence of sahn (wide enclosed courtyard) furnished with ablution fountain
    • Seating area with benches for worshippers to sit and talk while waiting
    • Mimbar (elevated pulpit) is not high; elevated platform, chair or any similar furniture used as replacement for the preacher to deliver sermons
    • Call to prayer not done on tall minarets, but inside the mosques
    • Minarets are present but not functional; reduced to mere decorative vertical appendages due to presence of electronic sound amplifiers

    Unique Features of Mosques in the Philippines

    • Use of hanging drums (tabo, jabu-jabu or dabu-dabu) to summon worshippers to the mosque
    • Okir – Curvilinear carvings done in highly colorful decorations
    • Presence of mythical winged creature, half-human and half-horse (burak) in decorations
    • Obor-obor - An inverted jar placed at the apex of the dome in mosques of Lanao, originating from Sung or Ming dynasty
    • Posaka – Heirloom among the Maranaos (Chinese jar) which provides evidence of strong Chinese influence among Maranaos

    Division of Males and Females in Mosques

    • Separate entrances for male and females most of the time
    • White cloth hung to segregate males from females
    • Mezzanine-like structure within interiors devoted for female prayer
    • Women usually stay at the back of men during worship

    Islamic Architecture in the Philippines

    • Influenced by various cultures, including Chinese, Spanish, American, and Asian
    • Use of geometric designs, calligraphy, and ornate decorations
    • Bulbous domes (onion-shaped domes) emerged as a result of exposure to mosques in the Middle East
    • High-style Islamic architecture introduced changes in terms of materials and methods of construction
    • From circular dome to octagonal dome for convenience

    Historical Development of Mosques in Mindanao

    • First mosque built in 1515 by Sharief Kabungsuwan who founded the Sultanate of Maguindanao
    • Post-World War II - increase in number of mosques in Mindanao
    • Before: 44 made of austere and temporary materials, plain and unadorned, palm-leaf roofing
    • Now: Hundreds, built of permanent materials inspired by domed mosques from West Asia and North Africa

    Famous Mosques in the Philippines

    • Golden Mosque (Masjid Al-Dahab) in Quiapo, Manila
    • Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Masjid, Cotabato City
    • King Faisal Mosque at the Mindanao State University
    • Blue Mosque in Maharlika Village in Taguig
    • Al Foqara Mosque in Manila Bay
    • Jama Masjid in Manila

    Other Features of Philippine Mosques

    • Madrasa – A school for the study of Muslim law and religious science
    • Iwan – In Islamic architecture, a vaulted rectangular recess opening onto a courtyard (porch area)
    • Javanese mosque - Multilayered, pyramidal roof capped by an ornamental pinnacle at the rooftop, originating from China

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    Description

    Learn about the early inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, their way of life, and the introduction of Islam in the region. Discover the characteristics of pre-hispanic houses and the early shelters of Filipinos.

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