Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which factors primarily influence species distribution levels?
Which factors primarily influence species distribution levels?
- Historical factors, energy supplies, and climatic barriers (correct)
- Food availability, geographical location, and extinction rates
- Climate change, nocturnal habits, and disease resistance
- Species interactions, sunlight levels, and volcanic activity
What does the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography suggest?
What does the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography suggest?
- Colonization rates do not impact extinction rates.
- Species diversity is solely determined by immigration rates.
- Species found on an island are fixed and do not change over time.
- The number of species on an island results from a balance between extinction and immigration. (correct)
Which of the following is NOT considered a biological barrier affecting species distribution?
Which of the following is NOT considered a biological barrier affecting species distribution?
- Presence of competitors
- Presence of predators
- Changes in sea level (correct)
- Absence of food
Which historical event contributes to the understanding of species distribution patterns over time?
Which historical event contributes to the understanding of species distribution patterns over time?
What are the two key factors that determine the equilibrium number of species on an island?
What are the two key factors that determine the equilibrium number of species on an island?
What is a characteristic of species that require large areas?
What is a characteristic of species that require large areas?
Which of the following factors influence species richness at a broad scale?
Which of the following factors influence species richness at a broad scale?
Which groups have been found to support the latitudinal gradient in diversity?
Which groups have been found to support the latitudinal gradient in diversity?
What is the expected pattern of species richness for trees overall?
What is the expected pattern of species richness for trees overall?
What trend is observed in a typical latitudinal gradient?
What trend is observed in a typical latitudinal gradient?
Which of the following taxonomic groups does not show the expected latitudinal gradient?
Which of the following taxonomic groups does not show the expected latitudinal gradient?
Which of these is considered a fine scale factor influencing species richness?
Which of these is considered a fine scale factor influencing species richness?
How is the number of species generally expected to correlate with latitude?
How is the number of species generally expected to correlate with latitude?
What is the primary benefit of establishing larger reserves in conservation planning?
What is the primary benefit of establishing larger reserves in conservation planning?
Which of the following types of speciation does occur when populations become geographically isolated?
Which of the following types of speciation does occur when populations become geographically isolated?
What effect does fragmentation have on the total area of habitats?
What effect does fragmentation have on the total area of habitats?
What is a significant consequence of edge habitat formation?
What is a significant consequence of edge habitat formation?
Which type of species is most likely to be affected by habitat fragmentation due to its reproductive life history requirements?
Which type of species is most likely to be affected by habitat fragmentation due to its reproductive life history requirements?
What does the term 'faunal collapse' refer to in the context of habitat fragmentation?
What does the term 'faunal collapse' refer to in the context of habitat fragmentation?
What is one of the challenges faced by specialists or highly coevolved species due to fragmentation?
What is one of the challenges faced by specialists or highly coevolved species due to fragmentation?
What is extinction in the context of biogeography?
What is extinction in the context of biogeography?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of habitat fragmentation?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of habitat fragmentation?
Which factor is NOT considered a barrier that limits the distribution of organisms?
Which factor is NOT considered a barrier that limits the distribution of organisms?
Which biogeographic realm is associated with marsupials?
Which biogeographic realm is associated with marsupials?
What is the primary focus of biogeography?
What is the primary focus of biogeography?
What describes the process of dispersal in biogeography?
What describes the process of dispersal in biogeography?
Which biogeographic realm includes distinctive taxa like hummingbirds and marmosets?
Which biogeographic realm includes distinctive taxa like hummingbirds and marmosets?
What role does climate play in biome distribution?
What role does climate play in biome distribution?
Which of the following is a key element in the study of biogeography?
Which of the following is a key element in the study of biogeography?
Which forest hotspot is ranked as the fourth most threatened in the Asia-Pacific region?
Which forest hotspot is ranked as the fourth most threatened in the Asia-Pacific region?
What is the predominant vegetation type in the 10 most threatened forest hotspots listed?
What is the predominant vegetation type in the 10 most threatened forest hotspots listed?
Which of the following forest hotspots has the highest percentage of remaining forest?
Which of the following forest hotspots has the highest percentage of remaining forest?
Which region is listed as having the least percentage of remaining forest among the identified hotspots?
Which region is listed as having the least percentage of remaining forest among the identified hotspots?
What percentage of the global surface do the countries supporting more than 70% of biodiversity cover?
What percentage of the global surface do the countries supporting more than 70% of biodiversity cover?
What type of forest is primarily found in California Floristic Province?
What type of forest is primarily found in California Floristic Province?
Which hotspot is not located in the Asia-Pacific region according to the list?
Which hotspot is not located in the Asia-Pacific region according to the list?
Which hotspot has the highest percentage of remaining forest according to the data?
Which hotspot has the highest percentage of remaining forest according to the data?
Study Notes
Current State of Philippine Forests
- Philippine forests are among the world's most threatened, ranking fourth in biodiversity hotspots.
- Remaining forest cover in the Philippines is approximately 7% with predominant vegetation being tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests.
Biodiversity Overview
- Less than 10% of the global surface supports over 70% of Earth's biological diversity.
- Species richness patterns are influenced by both broad scale factors (latitude, climate, elevation) and fine scale factors (productivity, disturbance).
Latitudinal Gradient in Plant Diversity
- Species richness often correlates with latitude, as shown in tropical and temperate species.
- Different taxonomic groups, including mammals and birds, support the universality of the latitudinal gradient in diversity.
Biogeography Fundamentals
- Biogeography encompasses several disciplines: geography, evolutionary biology, soil science, geology, climatology, ecology, paleontology, and molecular systematics.
- Key factors in biogeography include evolution, extinction, dispersal, and species variations.
Biogeographic Realms
- Six distinct biogeographic realms have been identified:
- Palearctic: Northern Africa and temperate Eurasia; home to Asiatic salamanders.
- Oriental: Tropical Asia; known for lower apes such as macaques.
- Ethiopian: Sub-Saharan Africa; includes great apes like gorillas.
- Australian: Australia and nearby islands; notable for marsupials.
- Nearctic: Temperate North America; features pronghorns and mole salamanders.
- Neotropic: Central and South America; rich in hummingbirds and marmosets.
Major Terrestrial Biomes
- Climate closely regulates the distribution of major biomes, influencing organism's habitat suitability.
- Barriers to distribution include physical (land and water), climatic (temperature and moisture), and biological (food availability and disease) factors.
Historical Factors Affecting Species Distribution
- Historical events: speciation, extinction, continental drift, and glaciation all shape current species distributions.
- Changes in energy availability and geographic constraints also play significant roles.
Island Biogeography Theory
- The equilibrium theory posits that species richness on islands results from the balance of immigration and extinction rates.
- Island size and distance from the mainland affect the rate of species turnover, impacting conservation strategies.
Implications for Conservation
- Emphasis on conserving larger habitats to support more species.
- Allopatric and sympatric speciation are mechanisms through which diversity evolves.
Effects of Habitat Fragmentation
- Reduces total habitat area, leading to sampling effect issues and population declines of vulnerable species.
- Formation of disjunct areas results in reduced dispersal, isolation, and potential faunal collapse.
- Increased edge habitats can result in poor living conditions, increased predation, and invasions by exotic species.
Species Affected by Fragmentation
- Area Sensitive: Species with large habitat needs, like large carnivores.
- Isolation Sensitive: Species requiring specific habitats for reproduction.
- Edge Sensitive: Species that thrive in specific edge conditions.
- Rare Species: Highly impacted due to reduced populations and habitat loss.
- Specialists: Species requiring extensive old-growth areas to survive.
These notes summarize key aspects of forest biodiversity, biogeography, and conservation challenges primarily focused on the Philippine forests and broader ecological principles.
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Description
Explore the current state of Philippine forests and discover the world's ten most threatened forest hotspots. This quiz will test your knowledge on the vegetation types and preservation efforts in these crucial ecosystems.
