PHCL 102: Ethics and Moral Philosophy
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concern of ethics as a branch of philosophy?

  • Religious and cultural prescriptions
  • Particular instances of good, right
  • Criteria for determining good and right (correct)
  • Legal and cultural rules

    • What is the main difference between ethics and morality?

  • Ethics is religious, morality is cultural
  • Ethics is specific to contexts, morality is general
  • Ethics deals with actions, morality with intentions
  • Ethics is general, morality is specific to contexts (correct)

    • Is what is ethical necessarily legal or religious?

  • Sometimes, what is ethical is legal or religious
  • No, what is ethical is not necessarily legal or religious (correct)
  • Always, what is legal is also ethical and religious
  • Yes, what is ethical is always legal and religious

    • What is the focus of the branches of ethics?

    <p>Criteria for determining right and wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ethics and morality?

    <p>They are interchangeable terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concern of the question 'WHAT IS RIGHT?'?

    <p>Criteria for determining right and wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reflection on incest or sexual relations in certain contexts?

    <p>It may be legal in certain contexts, but condemnable in others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the lecturer/examiner mentioned in the text?

    <p>Dr. Mrs. Nancy Myles B. Gyamfi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of Agya's doctors regarding CPR?

    <p>The need for a blood transfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle is favored by allowing Agya's family to override his decision?

    <p>Beneficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of obtaining informed consent from patients?

    <p>To ensure patient autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the medical ethics committee in this scenario?

    <p>To deliberate and make a decision on the ethical dilemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary ethical issue in medicine being discussed?

    <p>Informed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is informed consent essential in medical research?

    <p>To respect patient autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the doctor's primary concern in resolving this ethical dilemma?

    <p>Balancing autonomy with beneficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed response to the ethical dilemma?

    <p>The Ajei &amp; Myles relational personhood approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for requiring informed consent?

    <p>To respect the patient's right to autonomous decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that requires the care-giver to avoid causing harm to the patient?

    <p>Non-maleficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental ethical dilemma in the simultaneous demand for informed consent and beneficence and non-maleficence?

    <p>Balancing the patient's autonomy with the care-giver's expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that requires the care-giver to act in the best interest of the patient?

    <p>Beneficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the assumed status of the patient in the context of informed consent?

    <p>Incompetent and dependent on the care-giver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duty of the care-giver with respect to the patient's autonomy?

    <p>To respect the patient's right to autonomous decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying value that underscores the requirement of informed consent?

    <p>Respect for human dignity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implied contradiction in the concept of informed consent?

    <p>Between understanding and dependence on the care-giver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of informed consent in a clinical setting?

    <p>To facilitate communication between the caregiver and care-seeker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required of the caregiver in the process of informed consent?

    <p>To make every effort to ascertain the care-seeker's understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern of Metaethics in the field of ethics?

    <p>Examining the meaning of ethical terms and moral judgments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of informed consent in a research or clinical trial setting?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary ethical doctrine underlying informed consent?

    <p>Autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an illegal but ethical action?

    <p>Hiding Jews in Germany during WWII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Applied Ethics?

    <p>Applying ethical theories to real-life issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of disclosure in the informed consent process?

    <p>To inform the patient about the potential risks and benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a religious practice that is considered unethical?

    <p>Practicing human sacrifice as a religious ritual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'pattern' of informed consent?

    <p>It outlines the essential steps in the informed consent process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of not adequately obtaining informed consent?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern of Normative Ethics in the field of ethics?

    <p>Evaluating moral standards and prescribing actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of the informed consent process?

    <p>To facilitate the patient's autonomy in decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ethics and religion, according to the text?

    <p>What is ethical is not necessarily religious, and vice versa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of the doctor in the ETHICS DISCUSSION QUESTION 1?

    <p>Saving Agya Bentum's life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the four reflections in the text?

    <p>They illustrate the difference between ethical and legal actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Understanding Ethics as a Branch of Philosophy

    • Ethics is a branch of philosophy that engages questions of right and wrong, good and bad
    • Ethics is concerned with the CRITERIA for determining ‘good’ and ‘right’
    • Not concerned with particular instances of right actions or intentions

    Ethics and Morality

    • Ethics and morality have been used interchangeably
    • Ethics is mainly used to connote principles of right and wrong not necessarily restricted to a specific context
    • Morality is often associated with prescriptions of right and wrong behavior for specific contexts such as religious and cultural
    • What is ethical is not necessarily legal, and vice versa
    • Examples:
      • Incest or sexual relations may be legal in certain contexts yet condemnable in others
      • Donating to charity may be legal and ethical
      • Hiding Jews in Germany during WWII may be illegal but ethical
      • First-degree murder may be unethical and illegal

    Branches of Ethics

    • Metaethics: concerned with the foundations of ethics and the definition of ethical terms
    • Examines the meaning of ethical terms such as good, bad, virtue, moral, immoral
    • Analyzes moral statements and judgments
    • Normative Ethics: studies ethical actions and evaluates moral standards or theories that regulate these actions
    • Applied Ethics: the practical aspect of ethics, applies ethical theories to address real-life issues such as abortion, euthanasia, war, punishment, etc.
    • Informed consent is a process of communication that enables a patient with extant capacity to reason to make informed and voluntary decisions
    • Requirements of informed consent:
      • Disclosure of information
      • Comprehension of information
      • Analytical competence
      • Voluntary consent (or refusal)
    • Patient autonomy: the right to autonomous decision-making, including the right to refuse treatment or therapy on religious, cultural, or other grounds
    • The duty of the care-giver: beneficence and non-maleficence
      • Beneficence: the principle of doing good and promoting the patient’s welfare
      • Non-maleficence: the principle of avoiding harm to the patient

    The Ethical Dilemma

    • The simultaneous demand for ‘understood’ or ‘informed consent’ and the requirement for ‘beneficence and nonmaleficence’ creates an ethical dilemma
    • The patient is expected to be competent and make informed decisions, yet also dependent on the care-giver for knowledge and guidance

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    Description

    Explore the basics of ethics as a branch of philosophy, including autonomy, informed consent, and moral principles. This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of ethics and their applications.

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