PHBS 308: Pulmonary Drug Delivery
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary categorization of the respiratory tract into?

  • Systemic and local treatment zones
  • Inhalation and exhalation zones
  • Conducting and respiratory zones (correct)
  • Upper and lower respiratory zones

    • What is the main goal of the pulmonary route for local treatments?

  • To avoid first-pass metabolism by the liver
  • To speed up the rate of diffusion through respiratory membranes
  • To target specific areas of the lung for local treatment (correct)
  • To deliver drugs directly to the bloodstream

    • What is a key consideration when selecting drug candidates for pulmonary drug delivery?

  • The drug's molecular weight and lipophilicity (correct)
  • The drug's ability to dissolve in water
  • The drug's pH level and temperature sensitivity
  • The drug's addictive properties

    • What is a major challenge in delivering drugs through the pulmonary route?

    <p>The rate of diffusion through respiratory membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of absorption enhancers in pulmonary drug delivery?

    <p>To increase the rate of diffusion through respiratory membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the upper and lower respiratory regions?

    <p>The upper region is for conduction, while the lower region is for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key learning outcome of these lectures?

    <p>To explain the advantages of the pulmonary route for local and systemic treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the professor teaching PHRS 313?

    <p>Prof. Alaa El-deen Bakry Yassin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total surface area of the lungs is composed of the alveolar area?

    <p>More than 90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of goblet cells in the respiratory membrane?

    <p>To secrete mucous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the limited drug transport in the upper airways?

    <p>Smaller surface area and lower regional blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate thickness of the alveolar-vascular epithelium?

    <p>0.1-0.2 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ciliated cells in the respiratory membrane?

    <p>To propel mucus upward and out of the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of delivered drug particles are removed in the upper airways?

    <p>Up to 90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the IFR on the particle size generated?

    <p>Smaller particle sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is co-ordination of aerosol generation with inspiration critical for MDIs?

    <p>To prevent deposition in the throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are pulmonary drug delivery systems administered by oral inhalation and not nasal?

    <p>Because of anatomical limitations in the nasal airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the tidal volume on the penetration of particles to the terminal bronchioles and alveolar regions?

    <p>Increased penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing breath holding between inspiration and exhalation on the deposition of particles?

    <p>Increased time for deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease state has a greater influence on exhalation than inhalation?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of bronchial obstruction on the deposition of particles by sedimentation?

    <p>More deposition than normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is IFR important in devices such as DPIs?

    <p>Because it determines the size of the particles generated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fatty acids have been studied as absorption enhancers due to their safety and effectiveness?

    <p>Medium chain fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs are especially vulnerable to metabolism in the lung?

    <p>Peptide, proteins, and nucleic acid-based drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cationic polymers in pulmonary drug delivery?

    <p>To enhance the absorption of water-soluble macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial factor to consider when selecting a drug for pulmonary systemic delivery?

    <p>The noninvasive alternatives available for the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of tight junction modulators on the absorption of hydrophilic drugs?

    <p>They increase the absorption of hydrophilic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of an ultrasonic nebulizer?

    <p>To aerosolize the liquid medication using a piezoelectric crystal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzymes constitute the majority of degrading enzymes present in the lung?

    <p>Serine proteases and aminopeptidases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of adaptive aerosol delivery in nebulizers?

    <p>It targets the aerosol delivery during inspiration only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Octyl-h-D-glucoside in pulmonary drug delivery?

    <p>It is a non-ionic surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a nebulizer?

    <p>To turn liquid medication into a fine mist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cationic polymers on the mucosal barriers?

    <p>They interact with the mucosal barriers and enhance absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of jet nebulizers?

    <p>They use compressed oxygen to aerosolize the medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the example of a tight junction modulator mentioned in the text?

    <p>Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration when selecting a drug candidate for pulmonary systemic delivery?

    <p>The pharmacokinetics profile of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of nebulizer that uses a piezoelectric crystal vibrating at a high frequency?

    <p>Ultrasonic nebulizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of pulmonary systemic delivery over other routes of administration?

    <p>It provides a noninvasive alternative to injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pulmonary Drug Delivery

    • Pulmonary route is suitable for local and systemic treatments due to its large surface area and rich blood supply.

    Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory Tract

    • The respiratory tract is divided into two major regions: the upper respiratory region (conducting zone) and the lower respiratory region (respiratory zone).
    • The conducting zone consists of the nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
    • The respiratory zone consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.
    • The alveolar area has a large surface area (90-100 m2) and a thin alveolar-vascular epithelium (0.1-0.2 mm) with a large capillary network.

    Anatomical Features

    • The upper airways have a smaller surface area and lower regional blood flow, limiting drug transport.
    • The respiratory membrane thickness decreases as you move from the upper to the lower respiratory region.
    • The bronchi and bronchioles contain goblet cells, serous cells, and ciliated cells.

    Factors Affecting Drug Delivery

    • Inhalation flow rate (IFR) affects particle size and deposition.
    • Co-ordination of aerosol generation with inspiration is critical to avoid deposition in undesirable regions.
    • Oral inhalation is preferred over nasal inhalation due to anatomical limitations and higher dose loss.
    • Physiological factors such as tidal volume, breath holding, and disease states (e.g., bronchial obstruction) affect drug delivery.

    Absorption Enhancers

    • Fatty acids (e.g., capric acid and lauric acid) have been studied as absorption enhancers due to their safety and effectiveness.
    • Non-ionic surfactants (e.g., octyl-h-D-glucoside) can also enhance absorption.
    • Enzyme inhibitors (e.g., peptide, protein, and nucleic acid-based drugs) can prevent metabolism before absorption.
    • Cationic polymers (e.g., cationated gelatins, poly-L-arginine, and chitosan) interact with mucosal barriers and enhance absorption.
    • Tight junction modulators (e.g., clostridium perfringens enterotoxin) can open tight junctions and enhance absorption.

    Properties of Candidate Drugs

    • Suitable drugs for systemic pulmonary delivery should have no non-invasive alternatives or current limitations, high systemic absorption, and a pharmacokinetics profile that meets therapeutic needs.

    Inhalation Devices

    • Nebulizers are devices that convert liquid medication into a fine mist for inhalation.
    • There are two types of nebulizers: jet and ultrasonic nebulizers.
    • Adaptive aerosol delivery monitors a patient's breathing pattern and targets aerosol delivery to the first 50% of each inhalation, reducing drug loss during exhalation.

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    Description

    Lecture on pulmonary drug delivery, covering its advantages and delivery methods. Taught by Prof. Alaa El-deen Bakry Yassin and Dr. Obied.

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