Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of Step 1: Plaque or Biofilm Control Instruction?
What is the purpose of Step 1: Plaque or Biofilm Control Instruction?
- To reevaluate periodontal tissues
- To remove supragingival and subgingival plaque or biofilm
- To improve home care skills and reduce gingival inflammation (correct)
- To manage carious lesions
What occurs about 1 week after therapy in the healing process?
What occurs about 1 week after therapy in the healing process?
- Formation of a long junctional epithelium (correct)
- Reorganization and repair of connective tissue
- Transient root sensitivity
- Decreased clinical signs of inflammation
What is the critical probing depth that determines the need for surgical intervention?
What is the critical probing depth that determines the need for surgical intervention?
- 6.5 mm
- 3.0 mm
- 4.2 mm
- 5.4 mm (correct)
What is the purpose of Step 3: Recontouring Defective Restorations and Crowns?
What is the purpose of Step 3: Recontouring Defective Restorations and Crowns?
What happens at the reevaluation appointment after phase I procedures?
What happens at the reevaluation appointment after phase I procedures?
What must be considered when determining the phase I treatment plan?
What must be considered when determining the phase I treatment plan?
What happens as a result of tissue shrinkage during healing?
What happens as a result of tissue shrinkage during healing?
What is the purpose of Step 4: Management of Carious Lesions?
What is the purpose of Step 4: Management of Carious Lesions?
What is the objective of cause-related therapy in phase I periodontal therapy?
What is the objective of cause-related therapy in phase I periodontal therapy?
What is a critical aspect for the long-term success of periodontal surgical treatment?
What is a critical aspect for the long-term success of periodontal surgical treatment?
What is included in phase I periodontal treatments?
What is included in phase I periodontal treatments?
What is one of the problems that must be managed during phase I therapy?
What is one of the problems that must be managed during phase I therapy?
What is the rationale behind phase I periodontal therapy?
What is the rationale behind phase I periodontal therapy?
What does phase I therapy aim to achieve?
What does phase I therapy aim to achieve?
What is emphasized as a part of phase I treatments?
What is emphasized as a part of phase I treatments?
Which type of calculus is generally less tenacious and less calcified?
Which type of calculus is generally less tenacious and less calcified?
Which instruments are preferred for subgingival scaling and root planing due to their design?
Which instruments are preferred for subgingival scaling and root planing due to their design?
What type of tips are used for scaling of deep pockets and furcations?
What type of tips are used for scaling of deep pockets and furcations?
What is essential for subgingival scaling and root planing?
What is essential for subgingival scaling and root planing?
What can excessive pressure in ultrasonic instrumentation cause?
What can excessive pressure in ultrasonic instrumentation cause?
What is the primary objective of scaling and root planing?
What is the primary objective of scaling and root planing?
What is the purpose of root planing?
What is the purpose of root planing?
What is the effect of scaling and root planing on inflammation?
What is the effect of scaling and root planing on inflammation?
What is the relationship between scaling and root planing?
What is the relationship between scaling and root planing?
What is the main focus of scaling?
What is the main focus of scaling?
Which chemical agent has demonstrated some capacity for penetration of biofilm?
Which chemical agent has demonstrated some capacity for penetration of biofilm?
What is the primary mechanism of action for chemical biofilm control?
What is the primary mechanism of action for chemical biofilm control?
What is the main reason for adjunctive use of chemical agents in biofilm control?
What is the main reason for adjunctive use of chemical agents in biofilm control?
What is a limitation of most chemical agents in biofilm control?
What is a limitation of most chemical agents in biofilm control?
What is the role of mechanical devices in biofilm control?
What is the role of mechanical devices in biofilm control?
Which chemical agent affects the plaque sufficiently to show a benefit in terms of gingivitis and/or caries control?
Which chemical agent affects the plaque sufficiently to show a benefit in terms of gingivitis and/or caries control?
What is the main side effect associated with Essential Oil mouthrinses?
What is the main side effect associated with Essential Oil mouthrinses?
Which chemical agent has been shown to be active against Gram (+), Gram (-) bacteria, yeast, and viruses?
Which chemical agent has been shown to be active against Gram (+), Gram (-) bacteria, yeast, and viruses?
What is the primary purpose of using chemical biofilm control in patients with intermaxillary fixations?
What is the primary purpose of using chemical biofilm control in patients with intermaxillary fixations?
What is an ideal feature of a chemical agent for biofilm control that refers to its ability to maintain sustained antimicrobial effects?
What is an ideal feature of a chemical agent for biofilm control that refers to its ability to maintain sustained antimicrobial effects?
Which type of biofilm is highly structured and complex, making it difficult for the patient to clean?
Which type of biofilm is highly structured and complex, making it difficult for the patient to clean?
What strength of antibiotic may be needed to effectively combat bacteria arranged in biofilms?
What strength of antibiotic may be needed to effectively combat bacteria arranged in biofilms?
What is the logical approach for periodontal pocket treatment involving systemic anti-infective therapy?
What is the logical approach for periodontal pocket treatment involving systemic anti-infective therapy?
How can chemotherapeutic agents contribute to reducing bone loss in periodontal diseases?
How can chemotherapeutic agents contribute to reducing bone loss in periodontal diseases?
What is the rationale for using anti-infective agents as adjuncts to periodontal therapy?
What is the rationale for using anti-infective agents as adjuncts to periodontal therapy?
What is the primary objective of systemic anti-infective therapy in periodontal diseases?
What is the primary objective of systemic anti-infective therapy in periodontal diseases?
What is the primary purpose of systemic administration of antibiotics in reducing bacteria in diseased periodontal pockets?
What is the primary purpose of systemic administration of antibiotics in reducing bacteria in diseased periodontal pockets?
What is the differentiation between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics?
What is the differentiation between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics?
What are the characteristics of an ideal antibiotic for periodontal treatment?
What are the characteristics of an ideal antibiotic for periodontal treatment?
What is one of the challenges in using a single antibiotic to eliminate all periodontal pathogens?
What is one of the challenges in using a single antibiotic to eliminate all periodontal pathogens?
What factors should be considered in antibiotic selection for periodontal treatment?
What factors should be considered in antibiotic selection for periodontal treatment?
What is the investigative use of tetracyclines as adjuncts for the treatment of localized aggressive periodontitis?
What is the investigative use of tetracyclines as adjuncts for the treatment of localized aggressive periodontitis?
What are the characteristics and clinical use of metronidazole in periodontal treatment?
What are the characteristics and clinical use of metronidazole in periodontal treatment?
What are the characteristics, clinical use, and side effects of penicillins, including amoxicillin and amoxicillin + clavulanate potassium?
What are the characteristics, clinical use, and side effects of penicillins, including amoxicillin and amoxicillin + clavulanate potassium?
What is the primary goal of host modulation therapy (HMT) in periodontitis?
What is the primary goal of host modulation therapy (HMT) in periodontitis?
What is the main effect of subgingival plaque bacteria accumulation in periodontitis?
What is the main effect of subgingival plaque bacteria accumulation in periodontitis?
What is the definition of host modulation in the context of periodontitis?
What is the definition of host modulation in the context of periodontitis?
What is the role of chemotherapeutic agents in host modulation therapy (HMT) for periodontitis?
What is the role of chemotherapeutic agents in host modulation therapy (HMT) for periodontitis?
What is the effect of host modulation therapy (HMT) on tissue destruction in periodontitis?
What is the effect of host modulation therapy (HMT) on tissue destruction in periodontitis?
What is the main goal of manipulating the immune response with chemotherapeutic agents in host modulation therapy (HMT)?
What is the main goal of manipulating the immune response with chemotherapeutic agents in host modulation therapy (HMT)?
What is the primary role of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs) in periodontal therapy?
What is the primary role of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs) in periodontal therapy?
What is the effect of topical application of SPMs in periodontal therapy?
What is the effect of topical application of SPMs in periodontal therapy?
Why are clinical studies deemed necessary for the use of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs) as future drug candidates?
Why are clinical studies deemed necessary for the use of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs) as future drug candidates?
What is the primary function of Systemic application of SPMs in periodontal therapy?
What is the primary function of Systemic application of SPMs in periodontal therapy?
What is the potential benefit of systemic application of SPMs in periodontal therapy?
What is the potential benefit of systemic application of SPMs in periodontal therapy?
What is the potential benefit of topical application of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs) in preventing alveolar bone resorption?
What is the potential benefit of topical application of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs) in preventing alveolar bone resorption?
What is the primary function of Systemic application of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs) in periodontal therapy?
What is the primary function of Systemic application of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs) in periodontal therapy?
Which of the following is the only FDA and ADA-approved drug for periodontal diseases?
Which of the following is the only FDA and ADA-approved drug for periodontal diseases?
What is the primary aim of host modulation therapy (HMT) in periodontal diseases?
What is the primary aim of host modulation therapy (HMT) in periodontal diseases?
Which adjunct treatment option should not be used in gingivitis or acute periodontal conditions?
Which adjunct treatment option should not be used in gingivitis or acute periodontal conditions?
What is the main side effect associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen?
What is the main side effect associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen?
What is the only adjunct treatment option that has been found to be better than mechanical therapy alone in protecting against bone loss?
What is the only adjunct treatment option that has been found to be better than mechanical therapy alone in protecting against bone loss?
Which systemic adjunct treatment was not found to be better than scaling and root planing alone in protecting against bone loss?
Which systemic adjunct treatment was not found to be better than scaling and root planing alone in protecting against bone loss?
Which of the following is NOT a cardiovascular disease mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a cardiovascular disease mentioned in the text?
How should appointments be scheduled for hypertensive patients?
How should appointments be scheduled for hypertensive patients?
What is recommended to minimize pain for hypertensive patients during dental treatment?
What is recommended to minimize pain for hypertensive patients during dental treatment?
What action is recommended if a hypertensive patient feels symptoms of hypoglycemia during treatment?
What action is recommended if a hypertensive patient feels symptoms of hypoglycemia during treatment?
How should hypertension be diagnosed according to the text?
How should hypertension be diagnosed according to the text?
What is important to consider when scheduling appointments for hypertensive patients?
What is important to consider when scheduling appointments for hypertensive patients?
What is the suggested action if a hypertensive patient experiences symptoms of hypoglycemia during treatment?
What is the suggested action if a hypertensive patient experiences symptoms of hypoglycemia during treatment?
How should appointments be scheduled for hypertensive patients based on their blood pressure levels?
How should appointments be scheduled for hypertensive patients based on their blood pressure levels?
What is the primary objective of controlled-release delivery systems for antimicrobials in periodontal pockets?
What is the primary objective of controlled-release delivery systems for antimicrobials in periodontal pockets?
What is the duration over which chlorhexidine chip releases chlorhexidine into the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)?
What is the duration over which chlorhexidine chip releases chlorhexidine into the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)?
How is the mixed product of doxycycline gel described after the syringe mixing process?
How is the mixed product of doxycycline gel described after the syringe mixing process?
What is the recommended post-placement precaution for patients who receive a chlorhexidine chip?
What is the recommended post-placement precaution for patients who receive a chlorhexidine chip?
What is the characteristic of biodegradable material as mentioned in the context of chlorhexidine chip and doxycycline gel?
What is the characteristic of biodegradable material as mentioned in the context of chlorhexidine chip and doxycycline gel?
"The aim of controlled-release delivery systems is to deposit antimicrobials directly into the periodontal pocket." This statement suggests that these delivery systems:
"The aim of controlled-release delivery systems is to deposit antimicrobials directly into the periodontal pocket." This statement suggests that these delivery systems:
What is the purpose of using adjunct therapy with controlled-release antimicrobials alongside scaling and root planing (SRP)?
What is the purpose of using adjunct therapy with controlled-release antimicrobials alongside scaling and root planing (SRP)?
What should patients avoid for 10 days after receiving a chlorhexidine chip?
What should patients avoid for 10 days after receiving a chlorhexidine chip?
What is the recommended period for avoiding hard or sticky food after using minocycline microspheres?
What is the recommended period for avoiding hard or sticky food after using minocycline microspheres?
What is the main reason for not requiring removal of minocycline microspheres?
What is the main reason for not requiring removal of minocycline microspheres?
What is the purpose of using locally delivered antimicrobials in periodontal treatment?
What is the purpose of using locally delivered antimicrobials in periodontal treatment?
What is an adverse effect associated with tetracycline-based products in periodontal treatment?
What is an adverse effect associated with tetracycline-based products in periodontal treatment?
What is the recommended duration for avoiding interproximal cleaning after using locally delivered antimicrobials?
What is the recommended duration for avoiding interproximal cleaning after using locally delivered antimicrobials?
What is the primary benefit of using locally delivered antimicrobials in periodontal treatment?
What is the primary benefit of using locally delivered antimicrobials in periodontal treatment?
What is an adverse effect associated with chlorhexidine-based products in periodontal treatment?
What is an adverse effect associated with chlorhexidine-based products in periodontal treatment?
Why is periodontal dressing not necessary when using minocycline microspheres?
Why is periodontal dressing not necessary when using minocycline microspheres?
What is a potential risk associated with the use of locally delivered antimicrobials?
What is a potential risk associated with the use of locally delivered antimicrobials?
Which factor has a significant impact on the periodontium during puberty?
Which factor has a significant impact on the periodontium during puberty?
What is the primary effect of estrogen during puberty on periodontal tissues?
What is the primary effect of estrogen during puberty on periodontal tissues?
What is a common manifestation of gingival response to local factors during puberty?
What is a common manifestation of gingival response to local factors during puberty?
What is the role of ovarian hormones during menstruation in relation to gingival tissues?
What is the role of ovarian hormones during menstruation in relation to gingival tissues?
What hormonal imbalance or increase aggravates gingival inflammation during menstruation?
What hormonal imbalance or increase aggravates gingival inflammation during menstruation?
What is the primary purpose of managing Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) symptoms during menstruation?
What is the primary purpose of managing Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) symptoms during menstruation?
What is a risk indicator for periodontal disease before menopause during menstruation?
What is a risk indicator for periodontal disease before menopause during menstruation?
Which of the following is a common oral manifestation of pregnancy?
Which of the following is a common oral manifestation of pregnancy?
What is the effect of pregnancy hormones on the maternal immunoresponse?
What is the effect of pregnancy hormones on the maternal immunoresponse?
Which hormone affects the ground substance of connective tissue by increasing fluidity?
Which hormone affects the ground substance of connective tissue by increasing fluidity?
What is the role of pregnancy hormones in increasing bleeding tendency?
What is the role of pregnancy hormones in increasing bleeding tendency?
What is the effect of pregnancy on subgingival plaque composition?
What is the effect of pregnancy on subgingival plaque composition?
What is a common oral condition associated with pregnancy?
What is a common oral condition associated with pregnancy?
What is the effect of pregnancy hormones on the absolute numbers of certain immune cells in peripheral blood?
What is the effect of pregnancy hormones on the absolute numbers of certain immune cells in peripheral blood?
What is the effect of pregnancy hormones on prostaglandin production?
What is the effect of pregnancy hormones on prostaglandin production?
What is the range of probing depths in the primary dentition?
What is the range of probing depths in the primary dentition?
At what age does stippling appear in children's gingiva?
At what age does stippling appear in children's gingiva?
What is the normal labial frenum attachment percentage in infants?
What is the normal labial frenum attachment percentage in infants?
What is the color of gingival tissues in edentulous infants?
What is the color of gingival tissues in edentulous infants?
What happens to the gingival width as children transition from primary to permanent dentition?
What happens to the gingival width as children transition from primary to permanent dentition?
Which age group is recommended to start more explicit periodontal assessments according to the text?
Which age group is recommended to start more explicit periodontal assessments according to the text?
What is the suggested age for adding flossing to the home care routine for children?
What is the suggested age for adding flossing to the home care routine for children?
Why are antimicrobial mouth rinses not indicated for very young children according to the text?
Why are antimicrobial mouth rinses not indicated for very young children according to the text?
What is a characteristic feature of the periodontium of the primary dentition as mentioned in the text?
What is a characteristic feature of the periodontium of the primary dentition as mentioned in the text?
When should mechanical toothbrushes with rotary heads be encouraged, according to the text?
When should mechanical toothbrushes with rotary heads be encouraged, according to the text?
What is the cause of plaque-induced gingivitis in children?
What is the cause of plaque-induced gingivitis in children?
What is the primary factor associated with puberty gingivitis?
What is the primary factor associated with puberty gingivitis?
What can lead to drug-induced gingival enlargement in children?
What can lead to drug-induced gingival enlargement in children?
What is the effect of mouth breathing on plaque and gingival inflammation?
What is the effect of mouth breathing on plaque and gingival inflammation?
What is a common manifestation of herpes simplex virus infection in children?
What is a common manifestation of herpes simplex virus infection in children?
What is the recommended analgesic for pain relief in patients with necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG)?
What is the recommended analgesic for pain relief in patients with necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG)?
What is the primary treatment for pericoronitis when evaluating occlusion and the presence of a swollen and fluctuant pericoronal flap?
What is the primary treatment for pericoronitis when evaluating occlusion and the presence of a swollen and fluctuant pericoronal flap?
What is the recommended duration for the use of chlorhexidine mouth rinses in patients with necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG)?
What is the recommended duration for the use of chlorhexidine mouth rinses in patients with necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG)?
What is the initial treatment approach for primary herpetic gingivostomatitis in children?
What is the initial treatment approach for primary herpetic gingivostomatitis in children?
What is the primary consideration when evaluating the prognosis after acute symptoms are relieved in pericoronitis?
What is the primary consideration when evaluating the prognosis after acute symptoms are relieved in pericoronitis?
What is the primary aim of the treatment of Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG)?
What is the primary aim of the treatment of Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG)?
What is emphasized during the comprehensive evaluation for Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG)?
What is emphasized during the comprehensive evaluation for Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG)?
What are the key treatment procedures for Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG)?
What are the key treatment procedures for Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG)?
What is the purpose of the follow-up in Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG) treatment?
What is the purpose of the follow-up in Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG) treatment?
What is the primary goal in the treatment of Acute Gingival/Periodontal Conditions?
What is the primary goal in the treatment of Acute Gingival/Periodontal Conditions?
Study Notes
Scaling and Root Planing Techniques
- Scaling and root planing are essential components of periodontal therapy
- Supragingival calculus is generally less tenacious and less calcified than subgingival calculus
- Instruments such as sickles, curettes, and ultrasonic and sonic instruments are used for supragingival calculus removal
- Subgingival calculus is usually harder and more difficult to remove than supragingival calculus
- Subgingival instrumentation is challenging due to obscured vision from bleeding and tissue
- Curettes are preferred for subgingival scaling and root planing due to their design
- Thin ultrasonic tips are used for scaling of deep pockets and furcations, but must be used on low power to avoid burnishing the calculus
- Subgingival scaling and root planing are accomplished with either universal or area-specific (Gracey) curettes
- Correct cutting edge adaptation and working angulation are essential for subgingival scaling and root planing
- Ultrasonic instrumentation requires a light-to-moderate grasp and varying pressure to effectively remove deposits
- Excessive pressure in ultrasonic instrumentation can cause dampening of the vibration of the tip and overheating of the tooth
- The terminal 1 to 2 mm of the ultrasonic tip produces maximum vibration for calculus removal
Antibiotics in Periodontal Treatment
- Definition of anti-infective agent, antibiotic, and antiseptic
- Purpose of systemic administration of antibiotics in reducing bacteria in diseased periodontal pockets
- Differentiation between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics
- Characteristics of an ideal antibiotic for periodontal treatment
- Challenges in using a single antibiotic to eliminate all periodontal pathogens
- Factors to consider in antibiotic selection for periodontal treatment
- Responsibilities of the clinician in choosing the correct antimicrobial agent
- Tetracyclines' ability to concentrate in periodontal tissues and their role in inhibiting the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
- Investigative use of tetracyclines as adjuncts for the treatment of localized aggressive periodontitis
- Characteristics and clinical use of tetracyclines: tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline
- Characteristics, clinical use, and side effects of metronidazole in periodontal treatment
- Characteristics, clinical use, and side effects of penicillins, including amoxicillin and amoxicillin + clavulanate potassium
Adjunct Treatment Options for Periodontal Diseases
- In 2023, periodontal diseases involve a complex interplay of immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, as well as the action of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and inflammatory mediators like cytokines and prostaglandins.
- Host modulation therapy (HMT) aims to reduce excessive inflammation, enzymes, cytokines, and prostaglandins, and modulate osteoclast and osteoblast function, affecting normal tissue turnover.
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen reduce periodontal attachment loss and alveolar bone loss, but they have significant side effects such as gastrointestinal problems and a rebound effect upon discontinuation.
- Bisphosphonates, used to manage osteoporosis, reduce alveolar bone loss but have side effects like inhibiting bone calcification and increasing the risk of bone necrosis after dental extractions.
- Systemic bisphosphonates, both oral and parenteral, as adjuncts to scaling and root planing (SRP) were not found to be better than SRP alone in protecting against bone loss.
- Sub-antimicrobial-dose doxycycline (SDD) is the only FDA and ADA-approved drug for periodontal diseases. It does not have antimicrobial effects but inhibits enzymes, cytokines, and osteoclasts, showing more clinical benefits than mechanical therapy alone.
- SDD reduces bleeding on probing, decreases probing depth, regains clinical attachment level, and has biochemical efficacy, with no overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens observed.
- SDD is indicated for patients with aggressive periodontitis, chronic periodontitis refractory to non-surgical treatment, and those undergoing periodontal surgery, but should not be used in gingivitis or acute periodontal conditions.
- Probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium-based, when used adjunct to SRP, can modulate the microbiome, inhibit inflammatory pathways, and improve epithelial barrier function, but clinical efficacy and safety need further establishment.
- Systemically administered statins, used for managing hyperlipidemia, increase the expression of bone morphogenetic protein and vascular endothelial factor, promoting bone formation.
- Topical application of bisphosphonates and statins has shown reductions in periodontal pocket depth, regaining clinical attachment levels, and bone fill of intrabony defects, but the evidence is limited to studies from a single research group.
- Further research and clinical trials are necessary to establish the clinical efficacy, safety, and host modulatory potentials of adjunct treatment options such as probiotics, statins, and topical bisphosphonates in periodontal diseases.
Childhood Gingival Diseases and Periodontal Changes
- Primary dentition has prominent lamina dura and wider periodontal space compared to permanent dentition
- Before tooth eruption, the gingiva shows a firm pink bulge due to the underlying tooth crown
- Eruption cysts, bluish or deep red enlargements, can occur over erupting teeth and may require marsupialization
- Malocclusion and mucogingival problems are associated with crowding and late-erupting canines during mixed dentition
- Plaque-induced gingivitis in children is less severe than in adults and is primarily caused by dental plaque
- Eruption gingivitis results from plaque accumulation around erupting teeth and causes pain during brushing
- Puberty gingivitis peaks at 9-14 years old and is attributed to hormonal changes
- Drug-induced gingival enlargement can be caused by medications used in childhood conditions like organ transplantation and epilepsy
- Orthodontic appliances can lead to gingival changes and exacerbate inflammatory changes associated with puberty gingivitis
- Mouth breathing is associated with increased plaque and gingival inflammation, particularly in the maxillary incisors
- Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is a common manifestation of herpes simplex virus infection in children and requires fluid intake and analgesics for treatment
- Aggressive periodontitis and gingival manifestations of systemic diseases like diabetes and leukemia can lead to premature tooth loss in children
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Test your knowledge of Phase I Periodontal Therapy with this quiz based on the resources of Newman and Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology.
