Questions and Answers
What is the main role of the immune system?
To protect the body from diseases, especially infectious diseases.
Which of the following best describes innate immunity?
Adaptive immunity is rapid and does not increase with repeated exposure.
False
The two main types of immunity are ________ and ________ immunity.
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What cells are primarily involved in the adaptive immune response?
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Which cells are classified as part of innate immunity?
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Match the immune cells to their respective functions:
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What are cytokines?
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The adaptive immune response is typically activated immediately upon infection.
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What are the two categories of acquired immunity?
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What do pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) do?
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- Understand roles of microorganisms in infections and immune responses.
- Describe antimicrobial agents and vaccines for infection prevention.
- Grasp human pathology principles, including cancer, for patient interactions.
Types of Immunity
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Innate Immunity: Non-specific defenses; includes:
- Passive: Physical and chemical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous).
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Active:
- Humoral (complements and blood proteins).
- Cellular (phagocytes and NK cells).
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Adaptive Immunity: Specific defenses; characterized by:
- Humoral (antibodies).
- Cellular (T-cells).
Key Characteristics of Immunity
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Innate Immunity:
- Inborn, older in evolutionary terms.
- Non-specific; provides initial defense.
- Rapidly deployed (immediate response).
- Non-adaptive; does not improve with repeated exposure.
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Adaptive Immunity:
- Acquired after exposure, relatively newer.
- Highly specific to pathogens causing infection.
- Requires 3-7 days to activate.
- Adaptive; increases response with repeated exposure (memory).
Immune Response and Components
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Innate Immune System:
- Cells: Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, NK cells.
- Mechanisms: Phagocytosis, cytokine release, and opsonization.
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Adaptive Immune System:
- Cells: T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
- Mechanisms: Antigen recognition and specific immune activation.
Cytokines
- Chemical messengers that coordinate immune responses.
- Released from both innate and adaptive immune cells.
Pathogen Recognition and Response
- Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs):
- Recognized by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) on immune cell surfaces.
- Examples include peptidoglycan (G+ bacteria) and lipopolysaccharide (G- bacteria).
Immune Evasion and Infection
- Microorganisms capable of evading innate immunity can multiply and cause disease.
- Activation of adaptive immunity occurs as innate response escalates.
Memory Cells and Antigen Recognition
- Adaptive immunity has "memory," enhancing responses upon subsequent exposures.
- A diverse range of B and T cells exists, but only a small portion is activated by specific antigens.
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Overview
- WBCs are crucial for the immune response, classified by:
- Polymorphonuclear cells: Including neutrophils (50-70%), eosinophils (2-4%), and basophils.
- Monocytes: Make up 2-8% of WBCs.
- Lymphocytes: Comprising about 20-30% (includes T and B cells).
Overall Importance of Innate Immunity
- Innate immunity is essential for survival, often preventing infections.
- Many lower species thrive without adaptive immunity, but humans require functional innate immunity, particularly phagocytes.
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Description
Pre-reading material for PHA4011E Unit 5, covering immunology, microbiology, and pathophysiology in pharmacy science. Required references for the School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences.
