History and Organization of US Healthcare System

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What is the main educational requirement for pharmacists prior to 1932?

Doctor of Pharmacy degree

Clinical training

Five years of study for Bachelors degree

High school graduation (correct)

When did the Doctor of Pharmacy become the only professional degree?

In the 1960s

In the 1930s

Before 1932

In 2004 (correct)

Who are the two individuals at the heart of the educational reform in pharmaceutical care?

Dr. Linda Strand & John Smith

Dr. Charles D. Hepler & Dr. Linda Strand (correct)

Upton Sinclair & Dr. Hepler

Dr. Charles D. Hepler & Dr. John Doe

What act was created in 1906 as a response to concerns about medication safety?

Pure Food and Drug Act Signup and view all the answers

What was required by the Pure Food and Drug Act in relation to medications?

Drug must not be misbranded Signup and view all the answers

What did the educational requirements for pharmacists change to in the 1960s?

Five years of study for Bachelors degree Signup and view all the answers

What is pharmaceutical care defined as?

The relationship between a patient and a pharmacist Signup and view all the answers

Which profession requires more clinical training according to the text?

Pharmacists Signup and view all the answers

What key regulation around the practice of pharmacy became established with many important regulations as amendments to it?

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Signup and view all the answers

Which act established Prescription ('Legend') drugs and Over-the-Counter Drugs?

Durham-Humphrey Amendment Signup and view all the answers

What act encouraged the manufacture of generic drugs by the pharmaceutical industry and established the modern system of government generic drug policy?

Hatch-Waxman Act Signup and view all the answers

Which act provided a government subsidy to stimulate hospital growth and assisted in constructing nearly 40% of the beds in the nation’s short-stay general hospitals?

Hill-Burton Act Signup and view all the answers

Which act passed in response to the Thalidomide disaster required drugs to be both safe and effective?

Kefauver-Harris Amendment Signup and view all the answers

What was regulated and taxed by the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act?

Production of opiates and coca products Signup and view all the answers

What did the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act put in place to ensure about drug products in interstate commerce?

They were safe for patients Signup and view all the answers

What major factor increased the U.S. hospital beds significantly through government subsidy?

The Hill-Burton Act Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the services that pharmacists could provide under the proposed programs?

Medication therapy reviews for all patients Signup and view all the answers

How could payments for pharmacist-provided patient care services be structured?

Based on pay-for-performance programs and specific measures Signup and view all the answers

What do the Pharmacy Principles for Health Care Reform aim to do in relation to patient access to medications?

Ensure access to well-trained pharmacists Signup and view all the answers

How do the Pharmacy Principles suggest allowing patients to choose their provider?

Allowing choice within their prescription plan coverage Signup and view all the answers

In which year were the Pharmacy Principles for Health Care Reform adopted?

2008 Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the proposed methods to assure patient access to needed medications?

Establishing a comprehensive federal health professions workforce strategy Signup and view all the answers

What type of professionals are suggested to meet the specific health care needs of patients?

Well-educated and trained pharmacists Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the proposed ways to structure payments for pharmacist-provided services?

Connecting payments to specific evidence-based measures Signup and view all the answers

What type of insurance program was established in 1965 by the Social Security Amendments?

Medicare Signup and view all the answers

Which part of Medicare covers inpatient, skilled nursing, home health, and hospice care?

Part A Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the Medicare Modernization Act established?

2003 Signup and view all the answers

What type of insurance program involves a combination of federal and state-level funding and is administered by the state for financially challenged families?

Medicaid Signup and view all the answers

Which entity provided tax breaks to employers offering health insurance during and after World War II?

Government Signup and view all the answers

What did the emergence of prepaid health services lead to in 1929 at Baylor Univ.?

"Blue Cross" to cover hospital costs Signup and view all the answers

'Alternative to Parts A, B, and sometimes D' refers to what within Medicare?

Part C Signup and view all the answers

Which part of Medicare covers outpatient services, including durable medical equipment?

"Part B" Signup and view all the answers

What theory advocated for isolation and quarantine of the sick in the 1800s?

Contagion Theory Signup and view all the answers

Who championed the Germ Theory of Disease in the 1860s?

Pasteur and Lister Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pharmacy, what became a 'retailer' of prepared medications?

Pharmacist Signup and view all the answers

What did aseptic technique in hospitals lead to?

Decreased disease spread Signup and view all the answers

During the Health Care System Wars, what was the benefit of prompt medical attention in a military field hospital?

Saving lives Signup and view all the answers

What did Practitioners advocate for after wartime experiences, especially during the Civil War and World Wars I and II?

More hospitals Signup and view all the answers

'Counter prescribing' by pharmacists involved prescribing what substances in prepared medications?

Cocaine and opium Signup and view all the answers

'Home remedies' were primarily used by which group for healthcare during historical periods?

Working class citizens Signup and view all the answers