Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of pharmacy practice within the health care system?
What is the primary role of pharmacy practice within the health care system?
Which discipline does pharmacy practice link with to ensure safe medication use?
Which discipline does pharmacy practice link with to ensure safe medication use?
Pharmacists are noted to represent which position among healthcare professional groups?
Pharmacists are noted to represent which position among healthcare professional groups?
What does pharmacy practice primarily focus on?
What does pharmacy practice primarily focus on?
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What is one of the main responsibilities of pharmacists as healthcare professionals?
What is one of the main responsibilities of pharmacists as healthcare professionals?
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Which of the following areas is NOT typically included in pharmacy practice?
Which of the following areas is NOT typically included in pharmacy practice?
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As the demand for healthcare services increases, pharmacy practice is expected to face what?
As the demand for healthcare services increases, pharmacy practice is expected to face what?
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What is the meaning of the word 'pharmakon' in Greek?
What is the meaning of the word 'pharmakon' in Greek?
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Who is considered the Father of Pharmacy for his contributions to defining drugs?
Who is considered the Father of Pharmacy for his contributions to defining drugs?
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What significant work did Dioscorides produce in the first century AD?
What significant work did Dioscorides produce in the first century AD?
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Which era does not belong to the five distinct eras of pharmacy evolution in the 20th century?
Which era does not belong to the five distinct eras of pharmacy evolution in the 20th century?
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What was a major contribution of Rhazes to pharmacy or medicine?
What was a major contribution of Rhazes to pharmacy or medicine?
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In what century were the first privately owned drug stores established by Arabs in Baghdad?
In what century were the first privately owned drug stores established by Arabs in Baghdad?
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Which plant alkaloid was extracted from quinine for treatment during the early pharmacy evolution?
Which plant alkaloid was extracted from quinine for treatment during the early pharmacy evolution?
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What major change occurred in pharmacy during the late nineteenth century?
What major change occurred in pharmacy during the late nineteenth century?
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What was characteristic of the Traditional Era of pharmacy in the early 20th century?
What was characteristic of the Traditional Era of pharmacy in the early 20th century?
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What is one of the main roles of a clinical pharmacist before the prescription is written?
What is one of the main roles of a clinical pharmacist before the prescription is written?
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Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of clinical pharmacists during the prescription process?
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of clinical pharmacists during the prescription process?
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Which knowledge area is essential for a clinical pharmacist providing patient care?
Which knowledge area is essential for a clinical pharmacist providing patient care?
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What type of skills are required for effective communication in clinical pharmacy?
What type of skills are required for effective communication in clinical pharmacy?
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What is an example of drug-related conditions a clinical pharmacist might advise patients to be aware of?
What is an example of drug-related conditions a clinical pharmacist might advise patients to be aware of?
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Which skill is significant for clinical pharmacists when assessing laboratory results?
Which skill is significant for clinical pharmacists when assessing laboratory results?
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What aspect of drug administration must clinical pharmacists confirm with patients?
What aspect of drug administration must clinical pharmacists confirm with patients?
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At which level can clinical pharmacists influence the use of medicines after a prescription is written?
At which level can clinical pharmacists influence the use of medicines after a prescription is written?
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What is a primary responsibility of a pharmacist in regards to resource management?
What is a primary responsibility of a pharmacist in regards to resource management?
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How does a pharmacist contribute to the education and training of future pharmacists?
How does a pharmacist contribute to the education and training of future pharmacists?
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What is a fundamental aspect of being a life-long learner in pharmacy?
What is a fundamental aspect of being a life-long learner in pharmacy?
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What was the primary method of compounding prescriptions historically?
What was the primary method of compounding prescriptions historically?
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In multidisciplinary care situations, what is expected of pharmacists in terms of leadership?
In multidisciplinary care situations, what is expected of pharmacists in terms of leadership?
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What change occurred in pharmacy education after WWII?
What change occurred in pharmacy education after WWII?
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What is an essential skill for a pharmacist acting as a manager?
What is an essential skill for a pharmacist acting as a manager?
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Which course became a requirement in pharmacy education during the Scientific Era?
Which course became a requirement in pharmacy education during the Scientific Era?
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How can pharmacists enhance the evidence base in healthcare?
How can pharmacists enhance the evidence base in healthcare?
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What was a significant concern by the 1970s regarding pharmacy training?
What was a significant concern by the 1970s regarding pharmacy training?
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Which of the following represents a critical thinking skill required by pharmacists?
Which of the following represents a critical thinking skill required by pharmacists?
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What was the outcome of the reevaluation by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy in 1973?
What was the outcome of the reevaluation by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy in 1973?
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What demonstrates a pharmacist's commitment to continuous professional development?
What demonstrates a pharmacist's commitment to continuous professional development?
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Which new course focuses on the study of disease and its effect on body function?
Which new course focuses on the study of disease and its effect on body function?
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What is the main focus of the Pharmaceutical Care Era?
What is the main focus of the Pharmaceutical Care Era?
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In what year was the five-year BS degree in pharmacy required?
In what year was the five-year BS degree in pharmacy required?
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What is a key aspect of Medication Therapy Management (MTM)?
What is a key aspect of Medication Therapy Management (MTM)?
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Which of the following best describes recombinant DNA technology?
Which of the following best describes recombinant DNA technology?
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What defines a profession according to the provided content?
What defines a profession according to the provided content?
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Why is certification or licensing important for professionals?
Why is certification or licensing important for professionals?
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What role does the pharmacy profession play in society?
What role does the pharmacy profession play in society?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of a profession?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of a profession?
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How does the evolution of pharmacy practice relate to genetic technology?
How does the evolution of pharmacy practice relate to genetic technology?
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What does the evolution of professional pharmacy practice signify?
What does the evolution of professional pharmacy practice signify?
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Study Notes
Pharmacy Practice I - Learning Objectives
- Students will be able to describe and identify the broad range of pharmacy practice settings.
- Students will be able to perform basic functions and/or skills in various practice settings.
- Students will be able to describe the role and function of pharmacy professionals in different practice settings.
- Students will be able to conduct public health educational programs for the community.
Pharmacy Practice I - Course Outline
- Introduction to Pharmacy Practice
- The Pharmacist as a health care professional
- Community pharmacy
- Hospital pharmacy
- Other areas of pharmacy practice
- Pharmacy health education
Introduction to Pharmacy Practice
- Pharmacy is an old profession that has changed dramatically.
- The word "pharmacy" originates from the Greek word "pharmakon," meaning "drug" or "remedies."
- It's a health profession bridging health science and chemical science.
- It's responsible for ensuring safe and effective medicine use.
- The practice of pharmacy is a vital part of a complete healthcare system.
- The number of people needing healthcare services is increasing, leading to challenges and expanded responsibilities for pharmacists.
Pharmacists as Health Professionals
- Pharmacists use their expertise in medicine to help people understand medications.
- This includes understanding what medications are, how they help, and how they react in the body.
Pharmacy Practice
- Pharmacy practice involves developing professional roles for pharmacists.
- It applies knowledge and skills learned in other disciplines to patient care.
- It allows pharmacists to use their expertise in areas like pharmacology, pharmaceutics, pharmacognosy, chemistry, and therapeutics.
Pharmacist to Population Ratios
- Pharmacists are the third largest group of healthcare professionals globally.
- Pharmacist-to-population ratios vary widely globally; some countries have as few as < 0.02 pharmacists per 10,000 people, while others have over 25.07 per 10,000.
- The WHO recommends a pharmacist-to-population ratio of 1:2000.
Aim of Pharmacy Practice
- The aim of pharmacy practice is to provide and promote the best use of drugs and other healthcare services and products for patients and the public.
Pharmaceutical Care
- The term "pharmaceutical care" has established itself as a philosophy of practice.
- Pharmaceutical care is the responsible provision of drug therapy for achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life.
- The goal is positive outcomes from medication use, improving patient quality of life.
Outcomes of Pharmaceutical Care
- Cure of a disease
- Elimination or reduction of symptoms
- Arresting or slowing a disease process
- Prevention of disease
- Diagnosis of disease
Eight Star Pharmacist Characteristics
- Caregiver
- Communicator
- Decision-maker
- Teacher
- Lifelong learner
- Leader
- Manager
- Researcher
Caregiver
- Pharmacists provide caring services.
- They must view their practice as integrated and continuous with other healthcare professionals.
- Their services must be of the highest quality.
Communicator
- Pharmacists are ideally positioned to connect prescribers and patients.
- They communicate health and medicine information to the public.
- They must be knowledgeable and confident when interacting with other healthcare professionals and the public.
- Communication involves verbal, nonverbal, listening, and writing skills.
Decision-Maker
- Pharmacists ensure appropriate, efficacious, safe, and cost-effective resource use.
- They play a role in setting medicines policy at local and national levels.
- They evaluate, synthesize data, and determine appropriate courses of action.
Teacher
- Pharmacists have a responsibility to educate and train future generations of pharmacists and the public.
- Participating in education and training benefits both the recipient and the practitioner.
Life-Long Learner
- Pharmacists need continuous learning throughout their careers.
- Knowledge and skills need to stay current to provide the best care.
Leader
- Pharmacists can be leaders in multidisciplinary teams involving comprehensive patient and community care.
- Their leadership involves compassion, empathy, vision, decision-making, communication, and effective management.
Manager
- Pharmacists must effectively manage resources (human, physical, financial) and information.
- They must be comfortable being managed as well.
Researcher
- Pharmacists should use evidence-based practices (scientific, pharmacy practice, healthcare system) to advise on the rational use of medicines.
- They contribute to the evidence base and improve patient care and outcomes through shared experiences and documented findings.
- They increase accessibility of unbiased health and medicine information.
Areas of Pharmacy Practice
- Community pharmacy
- Hospital pharmacy
- Pharmaceutical industry
- Drug regulatory body
- Research institutes
- Drug supply and distribution agencies
- Pharmacy Associations
- Clinical Pharmacy (Recent)
- Long-term Care Facilities
- Academia
- Government
- Armed services
- Mail order/Internet pharmacy
Evolution of Pharmacy Practice
- The use of drugs in healing is as old as civilization itself.
- Modern archaeologists have unearthed clay tablets with lists of medicinal preparations.
- Ancient civilizations like the Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Chinese, etc. contributed to the foundation of pharmacy practice.
- Early inhabitants used trial-and-error to compile lists of drugs (pharmacopeias/dispensatories).
- Modern formularies are based on those early drug lists.
Important People of the Ancient Era
- Emperor Shen Nung (2000 BC): investigated medicinal herbs, authored Pen T'sao (native herbal) with 365 drugs.
- Papyrus Ebers (1500 BC): collection of 800 prescriptions mentioning 700 drugs.
- Hippocrates (420-370 BC): considered the father of medicine, emphasized patient care, and minimized reliance on magic/religion.
- Dioscorides (1st century AD): boosted the transition of pharmacy to a science, authored Materia Medica detailing 500 plants/remedies.
- Galen (130-201 AD): introduced many unknown drugs and taught pharmacy/medicine; his principles dominated for 1,500 years.
Pharmacy Development - Later Eras
- Early 19th century: retail pharmacies separated manufacturing from retail.
- Extraction of plant alkaloids became crucial (e.g., quinine).
- Late 19th century: manufacturing separated from retail operations.
- 20th century pharmacy roles dramatically changed due to medical and scientific advancement.
Eras in 20th Century Pharmacy
- Traditional Era (early 20th century): pharmacists formulated/compounded medications from natural sources.
- Scientific Era (post-WWII): pharmaceutical companies synthesized and mass produced medicines; pharmacology became a required course.
- Clinical Era (1973+): traditional role of dispending combined with drug information, new courses in pharmaceutics, therapeutics, and pathophysiology emerged.
- Pharmaceutical Care Era: expanded mission of pharmacy to include responsibility for ensuring positive outcomes from drug therapy (Medication Therapy Management).
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Era (now and future): DNA, gene therapy, and recombinant DNA technology.
Clinical Pharmacy Levels of Action
- Before prescription: Clinical trials, formularies, drug information, drug-related policies.
- During prescription: Counseling activity, influencing prescriber attitudes/priorities (correct treatments), focus on therapeutic monitoring of specific medication dosages.
- After prescription: Counseling, personalized formulations, drug use evaluation, outcome research, pharmaco-economic studies.
Medication-Related Problems
- Untreated indications, improper drug selection, sub-therapeutic dosage, medication failure to receive, medication overdose, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions.
Relationship with Other Healthcare Professionals
- Health care is a collaborative effort between diverse healthcare professionals (physicians, nurse practitioners, dentists, vets, nurses, pharmacists).
- Paraprofessionals (pharmacy technicians, physician assistants, etc.) assist with routine tasks.
- Pharmacists need to adapt knowledge, skills, and attitudes to their collaborative role.
- Pharmacists integrate traditional pharmaceutical science with clinical patient care, clinical skills, management, and communication skills.
- They collaborate with medical teams and solve medicine-related problems.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential learning objectives for Pharmacy Practice I, emphasizing the various settings in which pharmacists operate and their roles within those environments. Students will learn to identify key skills and responsibilities of pharmacy professionals, including public health education. This is foundational for understanding the dynamics of pharmacy as a healthcare profession.
