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Questions and Answers
Match the type of grinding with its description:
Match the type of grinding with its description:
Dry Grinding = Breaking the ingredient in a mortar & pestle by compression and shearing Wet Grinding or Levigation = Preparing aqueous suspensions or semi-solid preparations
Match the process with the method used:
Match the process with the method used:
Dry Grinding = Use of mortar & pestle Wet Grinding or Levigation = Use of warm base on a warm tile or mortar
Match the advantage of size reduction with its description:
Match the advantage of size reduction with its description:
Promotes Mixing = Ensuring ingredients are evenly distributed Promotes Suspending = Helps in making uniform suspensions
Match the advantage of size reduction with its effect:
Match the advantage of size reduction with its effect:
Match the size reduction process with its characteristic:
Match the size reduction process with its characteristic:
Match the process with the corresponding product form:
Match the process with the corresponding product form:
Match the advantage with its benefit:
Match the advantage with its benefit:
Match the advantage of size reduction with its benefit:
Match the advantage of size reduction with its benefit:
Match the description with the process:
Match the description with the process:
Match the application with its process:
Match the application with its process:
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Study Notes
Fundamental Operations in Compounding
- Compounding and dispensing involve preparing medicines from basic ingredients in small quantities, requiring expertise in several fundamental operations.
Weighing
- Weighing is a crucial step in pharmacy that depends on a thorough knowledge of balance, its principle, its care, and proper use.
- The right-hand pan is used for weighing medicaments.
- The minimum weighable quantity is 100 mg using a dispensing balance.
Measurement of Liquids
- Measurement of liquids is done using cylindrical or conical measures, with conical measures being preferred due to ease of use and cleaning.
- The minimum measureable quantity is 1 ml using a 10 ml conical measure, and up to 0.1 ml can be measured using a graduated glass pipette.
Dissolution
- Dissolution involves dissolving solids in liquids to prepare solutions.
- Solubility of a liquid in a given liquid can be increased by powdering the solid, agitating the solution, and increasing the temperature.
- A conical flask is used as a vessel for making solutions due to its advantages, including easy agitation, heating, and cooling.
Technique of Dissolution
- Powder the drug in a mortar and weigh the required quantity of the powdered drug.
- Add the drug to a little volume of solvent in a conical flask and stir with a glass rod.
- Agitate the solution and heat it if needed.
- Bring the solution to room temperature by cooling.
Mixing and Mixtures
- Mixing involves combining two or more compounds to form homogeneous or heterogeneous mixtures.
- Mixtures can be categorized into four classes: mixtures of liquids, mixtures of liquids and solids, mixtures of solids, and mixtures of semisolids.
Mixtures of Liquids
- Homogeneous mixtures of liquids, or solutions, contain readily miscible liquids.
- Heterogeneous mixtures of liquids, or emulsions, involve mixing two immiscible liquids with suspending agents or emulsifiers.
Mixtures of Liquids and Solids
- Homogeneous mixtures involve dissolution of a soluble solid into a liquid.
- Heterogeneous mixtures, or suspensions, involve mixing a solid with a liquid, requiring proper mixing to obtain a stable suspension.
Mixtures of Solids
- Mixing solids in a powder state is generally difficult and requires careful mixing in a mortar and pestle.
Filtration
- Filtration is the process of removing solid particles from a liquid or gas by passing it through a porous medium.
- The rate of filtration can be increased by increasing the surface area of the filter, reducing viscosity, and increasing pressure.
Mixtures Containing Semisolids
- Mixing involves combining a solid and/or liquid into a base consisting of one or more semisolids, such as ointments, pastes, or suppositories.
- The procedure involves preparing the base, incorporating solid ingredients, and incorporating liquids into the base.
Size Reduction
- Size reduction, or comminution, is the process of reducing drugs into smaller pieces, which promotes mixing, suspending, and dissolution.
- Size reduction can be achieved through dry grinding or wet grinding (levigation).
- Dry grinding involves breaking ingredients in a mortar and pestle.
- Wet grinding involves preparing aqueous suspensions and grinding in a mortar.
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