Pharmacy Chapter on Drug Dosage Forms
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Questions and Answers

What best defines a drug?

  • An agent intended for use in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease (correct)
  • Any chemical substance
  • A substance obtained by chemical processes only
  • A mixture of active substances and excipients

All chemical substances can be classified as drugs.

False (B)

What are the main categories of drug dosage forms?

Solid, liquid, semi-solid

A tablet is a mixture of active substances and __________.

<p>excipients</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following dosage form types with their characteristics:

<p>Solid = Pressed or compacted into a solid form Liquid = Formulated into clear or stable solutions Aerosol = Delivered in a pressurized container Semi-solid = Used for topical administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tablet is designed to be released at a time other than immediately after administration?

<p>Delayed release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Effervescent tablets react with water to release carbon dioxide rapidly.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of modifying the release of tablets?

<p>To improve compliance of patients taking medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The type of tablet designed to dissolve under the tongue for fast absorption is called a ______ tablet.

<p>sublingual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of tablets with their description:

<p>Buccal tablets = Dissolved at the cheeks for fast absorption Chewable tablets = Intended to be chewed before ingestion Lozenges = Intended to dissolve slowly in the mouth Capsules = Small soluble containers enclosing a dose of medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of soft gelatin capsules?

<p>They contain a liquid or paste form of medication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multiple compressed tablets are prepared using only one compression process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one purpose of targeted release tablets.

<p>To direct drug release towards a specific tissue or site of absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of powder is intended for the cavity?

<p>Douches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Granules are packaged individually, each dose separately wrapped in paper or sealed into a sachet.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three divisions of powders mentioned?

<p>Bulk powders, Divided powders, and Medicated powders</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ are medicated waters used as flavoring agents.

<p>Aromatic waters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of aqueous solutions with their descriptions:

<p>Waters = Used as a vehicle and solvent Aromatic waters = Medicated waters for flavoring Aqueous acids = Important in manufacturing Douches = Cleasnsing preparation for vaginal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of liquid dosage form?

<p>Dusting powders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enemas are only used for therapeutic purposes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of insufflations?

<p>Insufflations are designed to blow medicated powders into body cavities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a syrup?

<p>Sugar solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mucilages are produced by extracting mucilaginous principles from vegetable substances with water.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of preparations are ointments classified as?

<p>Semisolid preparations</p> Signup and view all the answers

___ and ___ are types of emulsions where two immiscible liquids are combined.

<p>Oil in Water, Water in Oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of mixtures with their definitions:

<p>Suspension = Finely divided solid dispersed in a liquid Gels = Semisolid systems with interpenetrated liquid Milks = Aqueous suspensions of insoluble drugs Lotions = Liquid preparations with active ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes jellies?

<p>Gels containing a high portion of liquid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Creams are only of the W/O type.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered parenteral dosage forms?

<p>Dr. A Wood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter binds to M3 receptors to stimulate gastric acid secretion?

<p>Acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gastrin is released from parietal cells in response to food intake.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary condition leads to peptic ulcer formation in the stomach?

<p>Over-secretion of gastric acids, particularly hydrochloric acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrochloric acid is predominantly secreted by ______ cells in the stomach.

<p>parietal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their associated functions:

<p>Ach = Stimulates acid secretion via M3 receptors Gastrin = Stimulates hydrochloric acid production Histamine = Acts on H2 receptors to increase acid secretion Proton pump = Pumps protons out to form hydrochloric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium in gastric acid secretion?

<p>Activates protein kinases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peptic ulcers can form independently of food intake under severe stress.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the receptors that gastrin binds to in the stomach.

<p>CCK2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a purgative?

<p>To purge the bowels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antihypertensive agents are used for increasing blood pressure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one medication that is classified as a laxative.

<p>Dulcolax</p> Signup and view all the answers

A(n) ______ is used to promote the expulsion of mucus from the respiratory tract.

<p>expectorant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups of drugs is used to treat asthma symptoms?

<p>Antiasthmatics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Analgesic = Relieves pain without loss of consciousness Antipyretic = Reduces or prevents fever Mucolytic = Dissolves or liquefies mucus Antigout = Treats gout and related pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Expectorants should be given for a dry cough.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gout?

<p>A form of acute arthritis causing severe pain and swelling in the joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Extended Release Tablets

Tablets designed to release the medication slowly over an extended period of time. This helps maintain consistent drug levels in the body.

Delayed Release Tablets

Tablets that delay the release of medication until they reach a specific part of the digestive tract.

Repeat Action Tablets

Tablets containing two doses of medication: one for immediate release and one for delayed release.

Targeted Release Tablets

Tablets designed to release medication specifically at the target site of action in the body.

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Effervescent Tablets

Tablets that react with water to release carbon dioxide, often used to mask unpleasant flavors.

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Chewable Tablets

Tablets designed to be chewed before swallowing for easier administration.

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Buccal Tablets

Tablets designed to dissolve in the cheek for fast absorption.

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What is the difference between a chemical and a drug?

A chemical is a substance made up of chemical elements or created through chemical processes. A drug is specifically designed to be used for diagnosing, treating, curing, or preventing diseases in humans or animals.

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Sublingual Tablets

Tablets designed to dissolve under the tongue for fast absorption.

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What are pharmaceutical ingredients?

These are non-medical components added to drug formulations. They help make the drug safe, stable, and easy to take. Examples include ingredients that dissolve, thicken, stabilize, or flavor the drug.

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Solid Dosage Forms

These are drugs that are in a solid state, such as tablets, capsules, or powders. They are typically a mixture of active drug and inactive ingredients (excipients) compressed into a solid form.

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Why use dosage forms?

Dosage forms help ensure accurate and safe drug delivery, protect the drug from degradation, make it easier to swallow, and can be designed to deliver the drug over a specific time.

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What is a tablet?

A tablet is a solid dosage form made by compressing a mixture of active drug and inactive ingredients into a specific shape.

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Bulk powders

Medicated preparations provided to the patient in bulk, usually containing non-potent medicaments.

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Oral Powders

Powders intended for oral administration, often used for medications that are difficult to swallow in other forms.

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Dentifrices

Preparations for cleansing and polishing teeth, which may contain therapeutic agents like fluoride to prevent cavities.

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Dusting Powders

Powders specifically formulated in sifter-top containers for easy application.

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Insufflations

Medicated powders designed to be blown into body cavities like the ear, nose, or throat using an insufflator.

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Aqueous Solutions

Clear liquid prescriptions that are homogeneous, meaning they have a uniform composition throughout.

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Douches

Liquid preparations intended for cleansing the vaginal cavity.

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Enemas

Liquid injections into the rectum through the anus for cleansing, bowel stimulation, or therapeutic purposes.

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Syrup

A thick, viscous liquid containing a high concentration of dissolved sugars. It's often used as a base for medicines.

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Honey

A thick liquid similar to syrup, but uses honey as its base instead of sugar.

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Mucilage

A thick, viscous, adhesive solution made by dispersing gum in water or extracting mucilaginous substances from plants.

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Jelly

A gel with a high water content, where the structure is made up of a solid matrix containing liquid.

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Suspension (Pharmaceutical)

A mixture where a finely divided solid is dispersed within a solid, liquid, or gas. The solid particles don't dissolve and will settle over time.

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Gel

A semisolid suspension where tiny solid particles or large molecules are spread uniformly throughout a liquid.

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Emulsion

A blend of two liquids that don't typically mix (like oil and water). One liquid is dispersed within the other as tiny droplets.

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Ointment

A thick, semisolid preparation for external application that's typically oil-based.

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What are parietal cells?

Specialized cells in the stomach lining that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl), a crucial component of gastric juice.

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How does acetylcholine (Ach) stimulate acid secretion?

Acetylcholine binds to M3 receptors on parietal cells. This triggers a cascade of events, leading to the activation of protein kinase, which pumps out protons (H+) and allows potassium (K+) to enter, forming hydrochloric acid.

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What is gastrin's role in acid secretion?

Gastrin, a hormone, binds to CCK2 receptors (Cholecystokinin) on parietal cells. This activation increases intracellular calcium levels, stimulating protein kinases to pump out protons.

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Why is excessive acid secretion harmful?

Excessive acid production without the buffering effect of food can erode the protective mucosal layer of the stomach, leading to ulcer formation.

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What is the link between HCl and ulceration?

Overproduction of hydrochloric acid (HCl) can damage the stomach lining, leading to peptic ulcers. This excess acid production can occur during stress, even without food intake.

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How does stress contribute to ulceration?

Under stress, the body can over-secrete hydrochloric acid, even without food intake. This excess acid overwhelms the stomach lining's protective layer, leading to ulcer formation.

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What causes ulcers?

Ulcers, specifically peptic ulcers in the stomach, are primarily caused by the excessive release and oversecretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). The parietal cells in the stomach lining are responsible for producing this acid.

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Purgative

A strong laxative that quickly empties the bowels. Often used before surgery or childbirth.

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Laxative vs. Purgative

A laxative promotes bowel movements, while a purgative has a faster, stronger effect, causing a quick bowel emptying.

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Haemorrhoid

A swollen and painful vein in the anus, causing bleeding and discomfort.

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Haemorrhoidal Preparation

Medication specifically used to treat hemorrhoids, relieving pain and swelling.

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Expectorant

A medication that helps remove mucus from the lungs, aiding in coughing it up.

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Dry Cough

A cough that doesn't produce mucus or phlegm.

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Productive Cough

A cough that brings up mucus or phlegm from the lungs.

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Mucolytic

A medication that thins and breaks down mucus in the lungs, making it easier to cough up.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Drugs and Dosage Forms

  • Chemical vs. Drug: A chemical is a substance formed from elements via chemical processes. A drug is an agent used to treat, cure, or prevent diseases in humans or animals.
  • Dosage Forms: Drug substances are rarely administered alone, but usually in combination with other agents for specific purposes like diluting or flavoring.
  • Purpose of Dosage Forms: These forms are used to deliver medication safely and conveniently in specific dosages. Dosage forms can also protect drugs from environmental factors like oxygen or humidity, and also from gastric acid.
  • Dosage Form Types: The document lists solid and liquid forms.

Solid Dosage Forms

  • Coated Tablets: These tablets are coated to protect active ingredients from air, moisture, light, to improve their appearance, and hide unpleasant tastes or odors. Sub-types include sugar-coated tablets, film-coated tablets, and enteric-coated tablets.
  • Sugar-Coated Tablets: Tablets created with sugar to enhance palatability.
  • Film-Coated Tablets: Thin coatings of resins, polymers, or plasticizers creating a skin-like film. These coatings can make the tablets less bulky.
  • Enteric-Coated Tablets: Designed to resist gastric fluids but dissolve in intestinal fluids, providing delayed release (e.g., protecting stomach-sensitive drugs).
  • Implant Tablets: These are inserted within the body (e.g., skin) for prolonged or sustained release.

Other Solid Dosage Forms

  • Modified Release Tablets: Designed to alter the rate of drug release in the GI tract, prolonging the effect and potentially reducing administration frequency. Different types include extended release, delayed release, and repeat action.
  • Effervescent Tablets: Containing acid substance and carbonates that release carbon dioxide in water to form a fizz.
  • Chewable Tablets: Specifically designed to be broken and chewed before ingestion.
  • Buccal Tablets: Designed to dissolve in the buccal/cheek area of the mouth.
  • Sublingual Tablets: Designed for dissolving under the tongue.
  • Tablet and Cone-shaped Suppositories: Designed to be inserted into the rectum.
  • Troches/Lozenges: Solid form intended to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth. These may be prepared by direct compression, wet or dry granulation, or double compaction.
  • Capsules: Small soluble containers (usually gelatin) for enclosing oral medication/vitamins (hard or soft gelatin).
  • Thin Film Drug Delivery: Uses thin dissolving films or strips similar in size to postage stamps, placed under or on the tongue.

Liquid Dosage Forms

  • Aqueous Solutions: Clear liquid prescriptions that are homogeneous in nature (e.g., waters, aromatic waters, aqueous acids, solutions, douches, enema, gargles, mouthwashes, juices, syrups, etc.).
  • Non-Aqueous Solutions: Liquid preparations that utilize non-water-based solvents, such as alcoholic solutions (e.g., tinctures, spirits, glycerites) and preparations containing pyroxylin in a combination of ether and ethanol (e.g., collodions).

Other Dosage Forms

  • Powders: Bulk or medicated preparations in powder form as well as dentifrices.
  • Solutions homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
  • Sprays: Intended for spraying in the affected area, like liniments.
  • Oleaginous Preparations: Include Liniments and Oleovitamins
  • Inhalations/Insufflations: Administration of drugs or solutions via the nasal or oral route for drug delivery through inhalation.
  • Medications For Vaporization drugs or solutions or suspensions that are inhaled, either local or systemic.
  • Syrups, Honeys, Mucilages: Viscous/thick liquids/preparations containing substances dissolved in syrup, honey, or mucilages.
  • Jelli:es: Gels where the matrix largely contains liquids.
  • Mixures: A two phase system (e.g., suspensions, gels, emulsions).
  • Semi-solids: Includes creams, ointments and preparations for external application to the body.
  • Sterile Preparations: Dosage forms containing sterile products packaged for insertion/administration. Include parenteral preparations (e.g. injections into muscles, veins, subcutaneous tissues, intradermal, intraosseous tissue).

Drug Classifications

The document organizes drug categories (e.g., anti-acids, antiulcers, antiflatulents, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antiasthmatics, expectorants, mucolytics, nasal decongestants, antirheumatic, anti-gout, antipsychotic, hypnotic, sedative, anticonvulsants, anti-depressants, CNS stimulants, anti-emetics, antiviral, anti-neoplastic, anti-malarial, anti-diabetic, antithyroid, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-anemic).

Additional Information

  • The text provides information on specific drugs/agents, their dosage forms, and administration routes in tabular format.
  • Some notes are focused on the mechanisms, or the causes of certain medical conditions and the role of drugs related to their treatment or prevention.

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Intro To Dds PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the definitions and classifications of drug dosage forms with this quiz. Explore various types of tablets and their characteristics, as well as the specific purposes of different drug forms. Perfect for pharmacy students looking to reinforce their understanding of medications.

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