Podcast
Questions and Answers
What condition suggests that a capsule has become too moist?
What condition suggests that a capsule has become too moist?
- Brittleness
- Stickiness (correct)
- Fogging
- Cracking
When converting dosage from milligrams to grains, how many milligrams are in one grain?
When converting dosage from milligrams to grains, how many milligrams are in one grain?
- 60 mg
- 75 mg
- 65 mg (correct)
- 70 mg
Which type of tablet is specifically designed to be split?
Which type of tablet is specifically designed to be split?
- Effervescent tablet
- Chewable tablet
- Unscored tablet
- Scored tablet (correct)
What is the formula to calculate percentage error?
What is the formula to calculate percentage error?
How would you estimate a sum of 2378 when rounded to the nearest thousand?
How would you estimate a sum of 2378 when rounded to the nearest thousand?
In reducing and enlarging formulas, what method is typically used?
In reducing and enlarging formulas, what method is typically used?
What weight does 70 kg convert to in pounds?
What weight does 70 kg convert to in pounds?
What is indicated by fogging in a container of capsules?
What is indicated by fogging in a container of capsules?
If a 250 mg dose tablet weighs 400 mg, how much of that weight is due to excipients?
If a 250 mg dose tablet weighs 400 mg, how much of that weight is due to excipients?
What is the primary function of the Teach-Back Method in patient counseling?
What is the primary function of the Teach-Back Method in patient counseling?
In the context of blood pressure assessment, which phase of Korotkoff sounds is identified as the diastolic blood pressure?
In the context of blood pressure assessment, which phase of Korotkoff sounds is identified as the diastolic blood pressure?
When calculating Creatinine Clearance using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, what adjustment is made for female patients?
When calculating Creatinine Clearance using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, what adjustment is made for female patients?
What does the 'A' in the SOAP documentation format stand for?
What does the 'A' in the SOAP documentation format stand for?
Which of the following statements regarding body temperature classifications is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding body temperature classifications is correct?
What is the general respiratory rate classification for bradypnea?
What is the general respiratory rate classification for bradypnea?
What is the primary purpose of using open-ended questions in patient counseling?
What is the primary purpose of using open-ended questions in patient counseling?
Which classification best describes a Body Mass Index (BMI) that is less than 18.5?
Which classification best describes a Body Mass Index (BMI) that is less than 18.5?
What is the standard normal range for body temperature measured in Fahrenheit?
What is the standard normal range for body temperature measured in Fahrenheit?
What term is used to describe the concentration of sodium in the blood?
What term is used to describe the concentration of sodium in the blood?
Which of the following is primarily affected by gender-affirming treatments with respect to laboratory value reference ranges?
Which of the following is primarily affected by gender-affirming treatments with respect to laboratory value reference ranges?
Which laboratory parameter does the term 'kalemia' refer to?
Which laboratory parameter does the term 'kalemia' refer to?
An individual with a serum potassium level of 5.6 mEq/L is diagnosed with which condition?
An individual with a serum potassium level of 5.6 mEq/L is diagnosed with which condition?
Which of the following statements about reference ranges is accurate?
Which of the following statements about reference ranges is accurate?
What is the significance of observing deviations from normal values for diagnosing conditions?
What is the significance of observing deviations from normal values for diagnosing conditions?
What is the reference range for serum sodium in mEq/L?
What is the reference range for serum sodium in mEq/L?
What is a primary requirement when evaluating laboratory test results?
What is a primary requirement when evaluating laboratory test results?
Which condition is indicated by serum sodium levels of 130 mEq/L?
Which condition is indicated by serum sodium levels of 130 mEq/L?
Which of the following is a common symptom associated with hyperkalemia?
Which of the following is a common symptom associated with hyperkalemia?
What term is used to denote low serum chloride levels?
What term is used to denote low serum chloride levels?
In what condition might a patient experience muscle weakness and arrhythmias due to increased potassium levels?
In what condition might a patient experience muscle weakness and arrhythmias due to increased potassium levels?
What laboratory value indicates metabolic acidosis when low?
What laboratory value indicates metabolic acidosis when low?
Which type of acid-base disturbance is indicated by high serum bicarbonate levels?
Which type of acid-base disturbance is indicated by high serum bicarbonate levels?
What condition commonly results from severe dehydration and may present with elevated serum chloride?
What condition commonly results from severe dehydration and may present with elevated serum chloride?
Which measurement helps evaluate kidney function alongside serum creatinine levels?
Which measurement helps evaluate kidney function alongside serum creatinine levels?
What is the reference range for serum chloride levels?
What is the reference range for serum chloride levels?
What would be a likely cause of decreased BUN levels?
What would be a likely cause of decreased BUN levels?
Which condition is characterized by a decreased serum sodium concentration?
Which condition is characterized by a decreased serum sodium concentration?
What is a possible cause of hyperkalemia?
What is a possible cause of hyperkalemia?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of hypokalemia?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of hypokalemia?
What electrolyte abnormality is indicated by an increased serum sodium concentration?
What electrolyte abnormality is indicated by an increased serum sodium concentration?
Which of the following factors may cause hypokalemia?
Which of the following factors may cause hypokalemia?
What is the primary purpose of clinical laboratory monitoring in patient care?
What is the primary purpose of clinical laboratory monitoring in patient care?
Which of the following accurately describes the difference between serum and urine concentrations?
Which of the following accurately describes the difference between serum and urine concentrations?
What criteria are used to establish reference ranges for serum and urine chemistries?
What criteria are used to establish reference ranges for serum and urine chemistries?
When measuring serum concentrations, what type of fluid is primarily analyzed?
When measuring serum concentrations, what type of fluid is primarily analyzed?
Which term refers to a decreased serum potassium concentration?
Which term refers to a decreased serum potassium concentration?
What condition is suggested by serum potassium levels at 5.6 mEq/L?
What condition is suggested by serum potassium levels at 5.6 mEq/L?
Which term is used to describe normal serum sodium concentration levels?
Which term is used to describe normal serum sodium concentration levels?
Which condition is indicated by a serum calcium level that is excessively high?
Which condition is indicated by a serum calcium level that is excessively high?
Which of the following indicates low serum potassium levels?
Which of the following indicates low serum potassium levels?
What condition is described by a serum chloride level that is elevated?
What condition is described by a serum chloride level that is elevated?
A condition characterized by low serum sodium levels is known as what?
A condition characterized by low serum sodium levels is known as what?
What condition is indicated by an elevated serum level of magnesium?
What condition is indicated by an elevated serum level of magnesium?
Which term refers to a low concentration of serum calcium?
Which term refers to a low concentration of serum calcium?
What is the condition characterized by excessive potassium levels in the serum?
What is the condition characterized by excessive potassium levels in the serum?
Which term describes low serum sodium levels?
Which term describes low serum sodium levels?
What is the condition characterized by elevated sodium levels in the serum typically called?
What is the condition characterized by elevated sodium levels in the serum typically called?
An individual with serum sodium levels slightly deviating from the normal range but showing no symptoms should be diagnosed with:
An individual with serum sodium levels slightly deviating from the normal range but showing no symptoms should be diagnosed with:
Which term describes a condition where serum bicarbonate levels are elevated?
Which term describes a condition where serum bicarbonate levels are elevated?
What is the term for low serum chloride levels?
What is the term for low serum chloride levels?
What is the condition characterized by a serum sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L?
What is the condition characterized by a serum sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L?
What condition is typically indicated by decreased bicarbonate in the serum?
What condition is typically indicated by decreased bicarbonate in the serum?
In evaluating potassium levels, what does the suffix '-emia' typically indicate?
In evaluating potassium levels, what does the suffix '-emia' typically indicate?
If an individual presents with serum potassium at 3.0 mEq/L, what condition does this suggest?
If an individual presents with serum potassium at 3.0 mEq/L, what condition does this suggest?
Elevated serum potassium levels contribute to which cardiac condition?
Elevated serum potassium levels contribute to which cardiac condition?
What is the suggested diagnosis if an individual's serum sodium levels are 140 mEq/L?
What is the suggested diagnosis if an individual's serum sodium levels are 140 mEq/L?
What term describes an abnormally low serum concentration of potassium?
What term describes an abnormally low serum concentration of potassium?
Which term specifically refers to an individual with normal serum potassium levels?
Which term specifically refers to an individual with normal serum potassium levels?
What is known as high serum chloride levels?
What is known as high serum chloride levels?
Which condition may be caused by excessive hydration via normal saline administration?
Which condition may be caused by excessive hydration via normal saline administration?
What is the term for elevated blood urea nitrogen levels indicating possible kidney injury?
What is the term for elevated blood urea nitrogen levels indicating possible kidney injury?
What is the condition characterized by high serum levels of bicarbonate that can lead to metabolic alkalosis?
What is the condition characterized by high serum levels of bicarbonate that can lead to metabolic alkalosis?
When assessing laboratory values, what is the term for decreased serum potassium levels?
When assessing laboratory values, what is the term for decreased serum potassium levels?
Which term is used to describe elevated serum chloride levels?
Which term is used to describe elevated serum chloride levels?
What is indicated by low serum bicarbonate levels in laboratory results?
What is indicated by low serum bicarbonate levels in laboratory results?
What term describes low serum chloride levels?
What term describes low serum chloride levels?
What term is used to refer to a condition characterized by sodium levels below the reference range?
What term is used to refer to a condition characterized by sodium levels below the reference range?
What condition is typically marked by elevated serum triglycerides and can impact cardiovascular health?
What condition is typically marked by elevated serum triglycerides and can impact cardiovascular health?
Which condition may result from severe dehydration and is indicated by elevated serum chloride levels?
Which condition may result from severe dehydration and is indicated by elevated serum chloride levels?
What term signifies a condition with an increased rate of metabolism alongside metabolic acidosis?
What term signifies a condition with an increased rate of metabolism alongside metabolic acidosis?
Match the following terms with their corresponding serum chemistry abbreviations.
Match the following terms with their corresponding serum chemistry abbreviations.
What is the term for a low serum sodium concentration?
What is the term for a low serum sodium concentration?
What is the term for a high serum potassium concentration?
What is the term for a high serum potassium concentration?
What is the term for a low serum magnesium concentration?
What is the term for a low serum magnesium concentration?
What is the term for a low serum chloride concentration?
What is the term for a low serum chloride concentration?
What is the term for a low serum phosphate concentration?
What is the term for a low serum phosphate concentration?
What is the term for a low serum glucose concentration?
What is the term for a low serum glucose concentration?
What is a term for a low serum albumin concentration?
What is a term for a low serum albumin concentration?
What is the term for a low white blood cell count?
What is the term for a low white blood cell count?
What is the term for a low platelet count?
What is the term for a low platelet count?
What is the term for a high neutrophil percentage in a differential white blood cell count?
What is the term for a high neutrophil percentage in a differential white blood cell count?
What is the term for a high number of bands in a differential white blood cell count?
What is the term for a high number of bands in a differential white blood cell count?
What is the term for a low neutrophil count?
What is the term for a low neutrophil count?
What is the term for a high lymphocyte percentage?
What is the term for a high lymphocyte percentage?
What is the term for a low monocyte percentage?
What is the term for a low monocyte percentage?
What is the term for a high eosinophil percentage?
What is the term for a high eosinophil percentage?
What is the term for a low basophil percentage?
What is the term for a low basophil percentage?
What are the three forms of Calcium found in the extracellular domain?
What are the three forms of Calcium found in the extracellular domain?
What are the two main types of white blood cells?
What are the two main types of white blood cells?
The normal reference range for Serum Sodium is between 115-125 mEq/L.
The normal reference range for Serum Sodium is between 115-125 mEq/L.
What does a 'left shift' in a CBC with differential refer to?
What does a 'left shift' in a CBC with differential refer to?
What is the ideal body weight calculation for a male who is 70 inches tall?
What is the ideal body weight calculation for a male who is 70 inches tall?
Match the following conditions with their corresponding symptoms:
Match the following conditions with their corresponding symptoms:
What is the correct reference range for serum calcium?
What is the correct reference range for serum calcium?
What is the major cation of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the major cation of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of decreased serum potassium concentration (Hypokalemia)?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of decreased serum potassium concentration (Hypokalemia)?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with high serum calcium concentration (Hypercalcemia)?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with high serum calcium concentration (Hypercalcemia)?
Which of the following is the most accurate method for estimating GFR, but is typically not used for guiding drug therapy adjustment?
Which of the following is the most accurate method for estimating GFR, but is typically not used for guiding drug therapy adjustment?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of increased serum creatinine levels?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of increased serum creatinine levels?
The reference range for serum creatinine in healthy adults is 0.5 to 1.3 mg/dL.
The reference range for serum creatinine in healthy adults is 0.5 to 1.3 mg/dL.
Which of the following statements about hypoglycemia is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about hypoglycemia is TRUE?
Which of the following blood cells are considered phagocytes?
Which of the following blood cells are considered phagocytes?
An elevated WBC count can be caused by an infection, inflammation, or a malignancy.
An elevated WBC count can be caused by an infection, inflammation, or a malignancy.
Which of the following white blood cells is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
Which of the following white blood cells is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
Which of the following statements about a “left shift” in a differential WBC count is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about a “left shift” in a differential WBC count is TRUE?
What is a common laboratory test that measures the concentration of particles in the urine?
What is a common laboratory test that measures the concentration of particles in the urine?
Which of the following is a measure of renal function?
Which of the following is a measure of renal function?
Which of the following statements about the Cockcroft-Gault equation for creatinine clearance is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the Cockcroft-Gault equation for creatinine clearance is TRUE?
The reference range for serum sodium in a healthy adult is 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L.
The reference range for serum sodium in a healthy adult is 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L.
When a patient's actual body weight is greater than or equal to 30% over their calculated IBW (ideal body weight), it is recommended to use AdjBW (adjusted body weight) in the Cockcroft-Gault equation.
When a patient's actual body weight is greater than or equal to 30% over their calculated IBW (ideal body weight), it is recommended to use AdjBW (adjusted body weight) in the Cockcroft-Gault equation.
The Schwartz equation is used to estimate creatinine clearance in older adults, while the Cockcroft-Gault equation is used for younger adults.
The Schwartz equation is used to estimate creatinine clearance in older adults, while the Cockcroft-Gault equation is used for younger adults.
Which of the following laboratory tests is used to measure the difference between cations and anions in the serum?
Which of the following laboratory tests is used to measure the difference between cations and anions in the serum?
The corrected calcium equation is mainly used when albumin levels are:
The corrected calcium equation is mainly used when albumin levels are:
What is indicated by an elevated Anion Gap greater than 12 mEq/L?
What is indicated by an elevated Anion Gap greater than 12 mEq/L?
Which of the following statements about the normal Anion Gap is true?
Which of the following statements about the normal Anion Gap is true?
How is the Anion Gap calculated using the provided component values of Na⁺, Cl⁻, and HCO₃⁻?
How is the Anion Gap calculated using the provided component values of Na⁺, Cl⁻, and HCO₃⁻?
In which scenario would a low Anion Gap be expected?
In which scenario would a low Anion Gap be expected?
What role does bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) play in the context of the Anion Gap?
What role does bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) play in the context of the Anion Gap?
Flashcards
Creatinine Clearance (CrCl)
Creatinine Clearance (CrCl)
A measure of how well your kidneys are filtering waste from your blood.
Cockcroft-Gault Equation
Cockcroft-Gault Equation
A formula used to estimate creatinine clearance, especially for patients with kidney problems.
Open-Ended Questions
Open-Ended Questions
Questions that encourage patients to provide detailed, specific responses.
Closed-Ended Questions
Closed-Ended Questions
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Teach-Back Method
Teach-Back Method
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SOAP Format
SOAP Format
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Korotkoff Sounds
Korotkoff Sounds
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BMI (Body Mass Index)
BMI (Body Mass Index)
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Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion
Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion
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Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion
Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion
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Capsule Sizes
Capsule Sizes
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Advantages of Capsules
Advantages of Capsules
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Disadvantages of Capsules
Disadvantages of Capsules
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Cracking or Brittleness in Capsules
Cracking or Brittleness in Capsules
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Stickiness or Bloating in Capsules
Stickiness or Bloating in Capsules
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Scored Tablets
Scored Tablets
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Unscored Tablets
Unscored Tablets
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Effervescent Tablets
Effervescent Tablets
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Weight of Tablets
Weight of Tablets
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Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional Analysis
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Kalemia
Kalemia
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Natremia
Natremia
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Calcemia
Calcemia
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Pre-Analysis Errors
Pre-Analysis Errors
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Analysis Errors
Analysis Errors
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Post-Analysis Errors
Post-Analysis Errors
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Patient Factors
Patient Factors
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Importance of Accurate Lab Values
Importance of Accurate Lab Values
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Sodium (Na+) in the Body
Sodium (Na+) in the Body
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Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia
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Hypernatremia
Hypernatremia
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Potassium (K+) in the Body
Potassium (K+) in the Body
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Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia
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Hypochloremia
Hypochloremia
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Hyperchloremia
Hyperchloremia
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Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis
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Metabolic Alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
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Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
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Increased BUN
Increased BUN
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Decreased BUN
Decreased BUN
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Serum Creatinine
Serum Creatinine
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Serum Concentration
Serum Concentration
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Urine Concentration
Urine Concentration
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Reference Range
Reference Range
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Outlier
Outlier
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Pediatric Reference Ranges
Pediatric Reference Ranges
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Clinical Lab Monitoring
Clinical Lab Monitoring
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What makes serum different from whole blood?
What makes serum different from whole blood?
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Why are first or second voids preferred for urine samples?
Why are first or second voids preferred for urine samples?
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How are reference ranges determined?
How are reference ranges determined?
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Why might a patient have a lab result outside the reference range?
Why might a patient have a lab result outside the reference range?
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Individual Normal Value
Individual Normal Value
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Deviation from Normal
Deviation from Normal
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Hypo- or Hyper-
Hypo- or Hyper-
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Bakerman's ABCs
Bakerman's ABCs
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mEq/L
mEq/L
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Serum Sodium (Na)
Serum Sodium (Na)
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Serum Potassium (K)
Serum Potassium (K)
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Accurate Lab Values
Accurate Lab Values
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Sodium (Na+)
Sodium (Na+)
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Potassium (K+)
Potassium (K+)
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What are some signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?
What are some signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?
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Serum vs. Urine
Serum vs. Urine
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Pediatric Ranges
Pediatric Ranges
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Why First/Second Void?
Why First/Second Void?
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Blood Chemistry
Blood Chemistry
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Trailing Zeros
Trailing Zeros
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Leading Zeros
Leading Zeros
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Units in Measurement
Units in Measurement
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Round Down Drops
Round Down Drops
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Rounding Flow Rate
Rounding Flow Rate
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Fractional Tablets
Fractional Tablets
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Gowning Steps
Gowning Steps
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Cleaning Sterile Hood
Cleaning Sterile Hood
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Flow Rate Formula
Flow Rate Formula
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Concentration Formula
Concentration Formula
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BID Dosing
BID Dosing
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QID Dosing
QID Dosing
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PO Administration
PO Administration
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PRN Administration
PRN Administration
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Schedule II Medications
Schedule II Medications
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Schedule IV Medications
Schedule IV Medications
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Sharps Container
Sharps Container
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Accurate Measurements
Accurate Measurements
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Overdosing Consequences
Overdosing Consequences
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Underdosing Consequences
Underdosing Consequences
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Compounding
Compounding
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Manufacturing
Manufacturing
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Regulations in Compounding
Regulations in Compounding
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Regulations in Manufacturing
Regulations in Manufacturing
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Manufactured Drugs
Manufactured Drugs
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Regulatory Oversight
Regulatory Oversight
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Compounding Regulations
Compounding Regulations
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Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)
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Four-Step Compounding Process
Four-Step Compounding Process
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Measure in Compounding
Measure in Compounding
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Mix in Compounding
Mix in Compounding
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Mold in Compounding
Mold in Compounding
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Package in Compounding
Package in Compounding
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Beyond-Use Dates (BUD)
Beyond-Use Dates (BUD)
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Risk Level of Compounding
Risk Level of Compounding
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Storage Conditions
Storage Conditions
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Drug Stability
Drug Stability
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Quality Assurance (QA) Program
Quality Assurance (QA) Program
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Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
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Personnel Training
Personnel Training
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Environmental Monitoring
Environmental Monitoring
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Equipment Calibration and Maintenance
Equipment Calibration and Maintenance
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Final Product Testing
Final Product Testing
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Documentation and Record Keeping
Documentation and Record Keeping
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Avoirdupois System
Avoirdupois System
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Concentration
Concentration
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Flow Rate
Flow Rate
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Graduated Cylinder
Graduated Cylinder
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Minimum Weighable Quantity (MWQ)
Minimum Weighable Quantity (MWQ)
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Sensitivity
Sensitivity
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SIG Codes
SIG Codes
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Sterile Compounding
Sterile Compounding
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To Contain (TC)
To Contain (TC)
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To Deliver (TD)
To Deliver (TD)
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USP-NF
USP-NF
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Importance of Units
Importance of Units
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Rounding Drops
Rounding Drops
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Schedule II Substances
Schedule II Substances
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Schedule IV Substances
Schedule IV Substances
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Sodium Reference Range
Sodium Reference Range
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Potassium Reference Range
Potassium Reference Range
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Chloride Reference Range
Chloride Reference Range
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CO2/HCO3 Reference Range
CO2/HCO3 Reference Range
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Serum Creatinine Reference Range
Serum Creatinine Reference Range
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Glucose Reference Range (Fed)
Glucose Reference Range (Fed)
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Glucose Reference Range (Fasted)
Glucose Reference Range (Fasted)
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Calcium Reference Range
Calcium Reference Range
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Phosphorous Reference Range
Phosphorous Reference Range
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Magnesium Reference Range
Magnesium Reference Range
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Albumin Reference Range
Albumin Reference Range
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RBC Reference Range (Male)
RBC Reference Range (Male)
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RBC Reference Range (Females)
RBC Reference Range (Females)
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Hematocrit Reference Range (Males)
Hematocrit Reference Range (Males)
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Hematocrit Reference Range (Females)
Hematocrit Reference Range (Females)
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Hemoglobin Reference Range (Males)
Hemoglobin Reference Range (Males)
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Hemoglobin Reference Range (Females)
Hemoglobin Reference Range (Females)
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Platelet Count Reference Range
Platelet Count Reference Range
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WBC Reference Range
WBC Reference Range
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Neutrophils Reference Range
Neutrophils Reference Range
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Bands Reference Range
Bands Reference Range
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Lymphocytes Reference Range
Lymphocytes Reference Range
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Monocytes Reference Range
Monocytes Reference Range
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Eosinophils Reference Range
Eosinophils Reference Range
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Basophils Reference Range
Basophils Reference Range
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Anion Gap (AG)
Anion Gap (AG)
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What is the purpose of calculating the Anion Gap?
What is the purpose of calculating the Anion Gap?
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What are the components of the Anion Gap calculation?
What are the components of the Anion Gap calculation?
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Normal Anion Gap
Normal Anion Gap
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Elevated Anion Gap
Elevated Anion Gap
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Study Notes
Exam Format
- Exam includes 40-50 questions.
- Question types are fill-in-the-blank and multiple-choice.
- Exam covers cumulative material and new content.
Capsules
Capsule Sizes
- Capsule sizes range from 000 (largest) to 5 (smallest).
- Smaller numbers indicate larger capsules.
- Largest capsule holds the most powder.
Advantages and Disadvantages
- Advantages: Masks taste/smell, combines multiple drugs, easy transport/storage.
- Disadvantages: May be hard to swallow, can't contain liquids (gelatin-based), moisture can cause issues.
Instability Signs
- Dried out: Cracking/brittleness.
- Too moist: Stickiness/bloating.
- Instability: Fogging in containers.
Rule of Sixes (Capsule Filling)
- Assumes powder density of 0.6 g/mL.
- Capsule size calculation formula is provided.
- 1 grain = 65 mg.
Tablets
Properties of Tablets
- Scored tablets: Designed to be split.
- Unscored tablets: Not intended for splitting (dose uniformity not guaranteed post-splitting).
- Effervescent tablets: Contain sodium bicarbonate and acids (e.g., citric acid).
Instability Signs
- Tablets Instability: Brittleness/cracking, swelling/sticking together.
Tablet Weight
- Tablet weight > drug dose due to excipients (binders, fillers).
Calculations
Doses and Dimensional Analysis
- Utilize conversions like 1 grain = 65 mg, 1 kg = 2.2 lb.
- Example calculation provided.
Reducing & Enlarging Formulas
- Use the proportion method for formula scaling.
- Example calculation provided.
Estimation Problems
- Round to the nearest thousand for estimations.
- Example estimation problem included.
Percentage Error
- Formula for percentage error is provided.
- Example percentage error calculation is detailed.
BMI Calculations
- BMI formula is provided.
- Example calculation is demonstrated.
Creatinine Clearance (CrCl)
- Cockcroft-Gault equation for CrCl is presented (separate male and female formulas).
- Example calculation using the equation is shown.
- Calculation for adjusted body weight (AdjBW) is included.
Patient Counseling
Open-ended vs Closed-ended Questions
- Open-ended: Encourages detailed responses (e.g., "How do you feel?").
- Closed-ended: Simple responses (e.g., "Did you take your medication?").
Teach-Back Method
- Confirmation of patient understanding through repetition of instructions.
Documentation
- Use SOAP format (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan).
Blood Pressure Assessment
Korotkoff Sounds
- Phase 1: Systolic BP.
- Phase 5: Diastolic BP.
Classification
- Blood pressure classifications are given.
Respiratory Rate (RR) Classification
- Bradypnea: RR < 12
Temperature Classification
- Normal: 97–99°F (36.1–37.2°C)
- Fever: >100.4°F (>38°C)
Unit Conversions
- Fahrenheit to Celsius and Celsius to Fahrenheit.
- Weight conversions (kg to lbs).
- Height conversions (conversions are not detailed).
Serum Osmolality
- Equation: 2 x [Na+] + [Glucose]/18 + [BUN]/2.8
- Reference range: 285-295 mOsm/kg H₂O
- Used to assess tonicity (hypertonic/hypotonic solutions).
Corrected Calcium
- Equation: [(4.0-albumin) * 0.8] + serum calcium
- Used when albumin is < 4.0 g/dL
Corrected Sodium
- Equation: Serum Sodium + [0.016 * (Glucose – 100)]
- Used for hyperglycemia to rule out pseudohyponatremia
- Accounts for displaced water/sodium due to high glucose levels
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of pharmacy capsules and tablets, including their sizes, advantages, disadvantages, and stability signs. Test your knowledge on the properties of different tablet types and the Rule of Sixes for capsule filling. Perfect for pharmacy students and professionals alike.
