Pharmacy Capsules and Tablets Overview
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Questions and Answers

What condition suggests that a capsule has become too moist?

  • Brittleness
  • Stickiness (correct)
  • Fogging
  • Cracking

    • When converting dosage from milligrams to grains, how many milligrams are in one grain?

  • 60 mg
  • 75 mg
  • 65 mg (correct)
  • 70 mg

    • Which type of tablet is specifically designed to be split?

  • Effervescent tablet
  • Chewable tablet
  • Unscored tablet
  • Scored tablet (correct)

    • What is the formula to calculate percentage error?

    <p>((Measured - Target) / Target) * 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you estimate a sum of 2378 when rounded to the nearest thousand?

    <p>2400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In reducing and enlarging formulas, what method is typically used?

    <p>Proportion method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weight does 70 kg convert to in pounds?

    <p>154 lbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by fogging in a container of capsules?

    <p>Capsules are too moist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a 250 mg dose tablet weighs 400 mg, how much of that weight is due to excipients?

    <p>150 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Teach-Back Method in patient counseling?

    <p>To ensure patient understanding of instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of blood pressure assessment, which phase of Korotkoff sounds is identified as the diastolic blood pressure?

    <p>Phase 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When calculating Creatinine Clearance using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, what adjustment is made for female patients?

    <p>Multiply by 0.85.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'A' in the SOAP documentation format stand for?

    <p>Assessment of the diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding body temperature classifications is correct?

    <p>Hypothermia is defined as a temperature below 95°F.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general respiratory rate classification for bradypnea?

    <p>Less than 12 breaths per minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using open-ended questions in patient counseling?

    <p>To encourage comprehensive and detailed responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification best describes a Body Mass Index (BMI) that is less than 18.5?

    <p>Underweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard normal range for body temperature measured in Fahrenheit?

    <p>97–99°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the concentration of sodium in the blood?

    <p>Natremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily affected by gender-affirming treatments with respect to laboratory value reference ranges?

    <p>Reference ranges for nonbinary individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory parameter does the term 'kalemia' refer to?

    <p>Potassium concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An individual with a serum potassium level of 5.6 mEq/L is diagnosed with which condition?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about reference ranges is accurate?

    <p>A disease may be present even with lab values in the reference range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of observing deviations from normal values for diagnosing conditions?

    <p>They are stronger diagnostic factors than reference ranges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reference range for serum sodium in mEq/L?

    <p>135 to 145</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary requirement when evaluating laboratory test results?

    <p>Assess the individual's clinical signs and symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is indicated by serum sodium levels of 130 mEq/L?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom associated with hyperkalemia?

    <p>Muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to denote low serum chloride levels?

    <p>Hypochloremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition might a patient experience muscle weakness and arrhythmias due to increased potassium levels?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory value indicates metabolic acidosis when low?

    <p>Bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of acid-base disturbance is indicated by high serum bicarbonate levels?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition commonly results from severe dehydration and may present with elevated serum chloride?

    <p>Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement helps evaluate kidney function alongside serum creatinine levels?

    <p>Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reference range for serum chloride levels?

    <p>95 to 105 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be a likely cause of decreased BUN levels?

    <p>No known pathological consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a decreased serum sodium concentration?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of hyperkalemia?

    <p>Increased potassium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of hypokalemia?

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrolyte abnormality is indicated by an increased serum sodium concentration?

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors may cause hypokalemia?

    <p>Drug therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of clinical laboratory monitoring in patient care?

    <p>To screen and diagnose diseases, and monitor treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the difference between serum and urine concentrations?

    <p>Serum is extracted from blood using centrifuge, while urine is measured with minimal processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criteria are used to establish reference ranges for serum and urine chemistries?

    <p>Values from healthy adults that create a bell-shaped curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When measuring serum concentrations, what type of fluid is primarily analyzed?

    <p>Extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a decreased serum potassium concentration?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is suggested by serum potassium levels at 5.6 mEq/L?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe normal serum sodium concentration levels?

    <p>Normonatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is indicated by a serum calcium level that is excessively high?

    <p>Hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates low serum potassium levels?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is described by a serum chloride level that is elevated?

    <p>Hyperchloremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A condition characterized by low serum sodium levels is known as what?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by an elevated serum level of magnesium?

    <p>Hypermagnesemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a low concentration of serum calcium?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by excessive potassium levels in the serum?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes low serum sodium levels?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by elevated sodium levels in the serum typically called?

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An individual with serum sodium levels slightly deviating from the normal range but showing no symptoms should be diagnosed with:

    <p>Normonatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a condition where serum bicarbonate levels are elevated?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for low serum chloride levels?

    <p>Hypochloremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by a serum sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L?

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is typically indicated by decreased bicarbonate in the serum?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In evaluating potassium levels, what does the suffix '-emia' typically indicate?

    <p>A condition affecting blood concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an individual presents with serum potassium at 3.0 mEq/L, what condition does this suggest?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated serum potassium levels contribute to which cardiac condition?

    <p>Arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suggested diagnosis if an individual's serum sodium levels are 140 mEq/L?

    <p>Normonatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes an abnormally low serum concentration of potassium?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term specifically refers to an individual with normal serum potassium levels?

    <p>Normokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is known as high serum chloride levels?

    <p>Hyperchloremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may be caused by excessive hydration via normal saline administration?

    <p>Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for elevated blood urea nitrogen levels indicating possible kidney injury?

    <p>Increased BUN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by high serum levels of bicarbonate that can lead to metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Excessive bicarbonate intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing laboratory values, what is the term for decreased serum potassium levels?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe elevated serum chloride levels?

    <p>Hyperchloremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by low serum bicarbonate levels in laboratory results?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes low serum chloride levels?

    <p>Hypochloremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to refer to a condition characterized by sodium levels below the reference range?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is typically marked by elevated serum triglycerides and can impact cardiovascular health?

    <p>Hyperlipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may result from severe dehydration and is indicated by elevated serum chloride levels?

    <p>Hyperchloremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term signifies a condition with an increased rate of metabolism alongside metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Hypermetabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding serum chemistry abbreviations.

    <p>Sodium = Na Potassium = K Chloride = Cl Calcium = Ca Phosphorus = P Magnesium = Mg Blood Urea Nitrogen = BUN Creatinine = Cr Glucose = Glu Bicarbonate = HCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a low serum sodium concentration?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a high serum potassium concentration?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a low serum magnesium concentration?

    <p>Hypomagnesemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a low serum chloride concentration?

    <p>Hypochloremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a low serum phosphate concentration?

    <p>Hypophosphatemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a low serum glucose concentration?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a term for a low serum albumin concentration?

    <p>Hypoalbuminemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a low white blood cell count?

    <p>Leukopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a low platelet count?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a high neutrophil percentage in a differential white blood cell count?

    <p>Neutrophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a high number of bands in a differential white blood cell count?

    <p>Bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a low neutrophil count?

    <p>Neutropenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a high lymphocyte percentage?

    <p>Lymphocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a low monocyte percentage?

    <p>Monocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a high eosinophil percentage?

    <p>Eosinophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a low basophil percentage?

    <p>Basopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three forms of Calcium found in the extracellular domain?

    <p>Free (ionized) form | Bound to plasma proteins like Albumin | Bound to other extracellular compounds such as bicarbonate, phosphate and citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of white blood cells?

    <p>Phagocytes and Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal reference range for Serum Sodium is between 115-125 mEq/L.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'left shift' in a CBC with differential refer to?

    <p>Increased percentage of segmental neutrophils (segs) and Bands in the differential count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal body weight calculation for a male who is 70 inches tall?

    <p>50kg + 2.3(70 – 60)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their corresponding symptoms:

    <p>Hyponatremia = Confusion, weakness, seizures, cerebral edema and death Hypernatremia = Thirst, restlessness, muscle spasms, seizures and death Hypokalemia = Arrhythmias, muscle cramps and weakness Hyperkalemia = Muscle weakness, arrhythmias, bradycardia, hypotension and cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct reference range for serum calcium?

    <p>8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major cation of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of decreased serum potassium concentration (Hypokalemia)?

    <p>Increased renal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with high serum calcium concentration (Hypercalcemia)?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most accurate method for estimating GFR, but is typically not used for guiding drug therapy adjustment?

    <p>MDRD equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of increased serum creatinine levels?

    <p>Increased muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reference range for serum creatinine in healthy adults is 0.5 to 1.3 mg/dL.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hypoglycemia is TRUE?

    <p>Symptoms of hypoglycemia can include sweating, dizziness, and seizures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood cells are considered phagocytes?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An elevated WBC count can be caused by an infection, inflammation, or a malignancy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following white blood cells is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about a “left shift” in a differential WBC count is TRUE?

    <p>It typically indicates a bacterial infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common laboratory test that measures the concentration of particles in the urine?

    <p>Urine Osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a measure of renal function?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Cockcroft-Gault equation for creatinine clearance is TRUE?

    <p>It is only accurate for individuals with stable kidney function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reference range for serum sodium in a healthy adult is 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a patient's actual body weight is greater than or equal to 30% over their calculated IBW (ideal body weight), it is recommended to use AdjBW (adjusted body weight) in the Cockcroft-Gault equation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Schwartz equation is used to estimate creatinine clearance in older adults, while the Cockcroft-Gault equation is used for younger adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory tests is used to measure the difference between cations and anions in the serum?

    <p>Anion Gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The corrected calcium equation is mainly used when albumin levels are:

    <p>Less than 4.0 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by an elevated Anion Gap greater than 12 mEq/L?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis due to unmeasured anions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the normal Anion Gap is true?

    <p>It may suggest hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Anion Gap calculated using the provided component values of Na⁺, Cl⁻, and HCO₃⁻?

    <p>Na⁺ - (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would a low Anion Gap be expected?

    <p>Hypoalbuminemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) play in the context of the Anion Gap?

    <p>It serves as the primary buffer in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Exam Format

    • Exam includes 40-50 questions.
    • Question types are fill-in-the-blank and multiple-choice.
    • Exam covers cumulative material and new content.

    Capsules

    Capsule Sizes

    • Capsule sizes range from 000 (largest) to 5 (smallest).
    • Smaller numbers indicate larger capsules.
    • Largest capsule holds the most powder.

    Advantages and Disadvantages

    • Advantages: Masks taste/smell, combines multiple drugs, easy transport/storage.
    • Disadvantages: May be hard to swallow, can't contain liquids (gelatin-based), moisture can cause issues.

    Instability Signs

    • Dried out: Cracking/brittleness.
    • Too moist: Stickiness/bloating.
    • Instability: Fogging in containers.

    Rule of Sixes (Capsule Filling)

    • Assumes powder density of 0.6 g/mL.
    • Capsule size calculation formula is provided.
    • 1 grain = 65 mg.

    Tablets

    Properties of Tablets

    • Scored tablets: Designed to be split.
    • Unscored tablets: Not intended for splitting (dose uniformity not guaranteed post-splitting).
    • Effervescent tablets: Contain sodium bicarbonate and acids (e.g., citric acid).

    Instability Signs

    • Tablets Instability: Brittleness/cracking, swelling/sticking together.

    Tablet Weight

    • Tablet weight > drug dose due to excipients (binders, fillers).

    Calculations

    Doses and Dimensional Analysis

    • Utilize conversions like 1 grain = 65 mg, 1 kg = 2.2 lb.
    • Example calculation provided.

    Reducing & Enlarging Formulas

    • Use the proportion method for formula scaling.
    • Example calculation provided.

    Estimation Problems

    • Round to the nearest thousand for estimations.
    • Example estimation problem included.

    Percentage Error

    • Formula for percentage error is provided.
    • Example percentage error calculation is detailed.

    BMI Calculations

    • BMI formula is provided.
    • Example calculation is demonstrated.

    Creatinine Clearance (CrCl)

    • Cockcroft-Gault equation for CrCl is presented (separate male and female formulas).
    • Example calculation using the equation is shown.
    • Calculation for adjusted body weight (AdjBW) is included.

    Patient Counseling

    Open-ended vs Closed-ended Questions

    • Open-ended: Encourages detailed responses (e.g., "How do you feel?").
    • Closed-ended: Simple responses (e.g., "Did you take your medication?").

    Teach-Back Method

    • Confirmation of patient understanding through repetition of instructions.

    Documentation

    • Use SOAP format (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan).

    Blood Pressure Assessment

    Korotkoff Sounds

    • Phase 1: Systolic BP.
    • Phase 5: Diastolic BP.

    Classification

    • Blood pressure classifications are given.

    Respiratory Rate (RR) Classification

    • Bradypnea: RR < 12

    Temperature Classification

    • Normal: 97–99°F (36.1–37.2°C)
    • Fever: >100.4°F (>38°C)

    Unit Conversions

    • Fahrenheit to Celsius and Celsius to Fahrenheit.
    • Weight conversions (kg to lbs).
    • Height conversions (conversions are not detailed).

    Serum Osmolality

    • Equation: 2 x [Na+] + [Glucose]/18 + [BUN]/2.8
    • Reference range: 285-295 mOsm/kg H₂O
    • Used to assess tonicity (hypertonic/hypotonic solutions).

    Corrected Calcium

    • Equation: [(4.0-albumin) * 0.8] + serum calcium
    • Used when albumin is < 4.0 g/dL

    Corrected Sodium

    • Equation: Serum Sodium + [0.016 * (Glucose – 100)]
    • Used for hyperglycemia to rule out pseudohyponatremia
    • Accounts for displaced water/sodium due to high glucose levels

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of pharmacy capsules and tablets, including their sizes, advantages, disadvantages, and stability signs. Test your knowledge on the properties of different tablet types and the Rule of Sixes for capsule filling. Perfect for pharmacy students and professionals alike.

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