Pharmacy Calculations Workshop
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Questions and Answers

When is the Michaelis-Menten equation expected to demonstrate first-order kinetics?

  • When substrate concentration [S] approaches the mean μ.
  • When substrate concentration [S] fluctuates randomly around the mean μ.
  • When substrate concentration [S] is significantly higher than the mean μ.
  • When substrate concentration [S] is significantly lower than the mean μ. (correct)

    • The 68-95-99.7 rule describes the distribution of data. What percentage of data falls within 2 standard deviations from the mean?

  • 99.7%
  • 68%
  • 100%
  • 95% (correct)

    • What does a false positive in a test indicate?

  • Incorrectly identified negative condition.
  • Correctly identified positive condition.
  • Correctly identified negative condition.
  • Incorrectly identified positive condition. (correct)

    • What is the equivalent weight of 1 grain in milligrams?

    <p>65 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many milliliters are there in one pint?

    <p>480 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common error type mentioned in the context of test outcomes?

    <p>Type I Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'pKa' refer to in the provided formula for calculating pH?

    <p>The acid dissociation constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When calculating the pH using the formula $pH = pKa + log\left(\frac{[Salt]}{[Acid]}\right)$, what does a pH – pKa difference of 1 correspond to in terms of salt and acid ratio?

    <p>90 : 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the volume of isotonic solution that can be prepared from a given weight of drug calculated?

    <p>Using the formula $V = W \times E \times 111.1$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example provided for isotonicity, how much sodium chloride is required to prepare a 100 ml solution of a 1% apomorphine hydrochloride solution?

    <p>15.55 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the pKb of ephedrine is 4.56, what can be inferred about the relationship between its pKa and pKb?

    <p>pKa is higher than 4.56</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the calculated pH of a solution containing 0.5 moles of ephedrine and 0.05 moles of ephedrine HCl using the provided formula?

    <p>Approximately 8.05</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sodium chloride equivalent value (E) indicate in the context of isotonic solutions?

    <p>The weight of sodium needed to achieve isotonicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the formula provided, what represents the 'Salt' component when calculating the pH?

    <p>The base form of a weak acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 0.5 molar solution represent?

    <p>0.5 moles of solute in 1 liter of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines molality?

    <p>The number of moles of solute in 1000 grams of solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dissociation value for CaCl2 in a weak solution?

    <p>2.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the freezing point depression caused by dissolving 1 g mol wt of any nonelectrolyte in 1000g of water?

    <p>-1.86 ℃</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To prepare an isotonic solution, how much NaCl is needed for a solution that has a freezing point depression of -0.52 ℃?

    <p>0.52 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about normality (N)?

    <p>It is measured in grams of solute per liter of solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the freezing point depression of body fluids compared to the freezing point of 0.9% NaCl?

    <p>-0.52 ℃</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In preparing isotonic solutions, how is the amount of NaCl equivalent calculated?

    <p>By calculating the mass difference between NaCl and other ingredients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abbreviation indicates a drug should be taken three times a day?

    <p>tid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does molarity differ from normality?

    <p>Normality takes ion dissociation into account.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula is used to calculate the loading dose for an intravenous infusion?

    <p>Loading Dose = 0.693 Vd / Clt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Michaelis–Menten equation describe in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>The reaction rate as a function of substrate concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life formula used in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>t1/2 = 0.693 Vd / Clt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Young's Rule in pediatric dosing?

    <p>To estimate dosage based on age for children over 2 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When administering a drug via IV infusion, how does the rate of accumulation compare to a single dose?

    <p>The accumulation rate doubles the rate of a single dose if given at the same interval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct formula for calculating the half-life of a drug with a volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance (Cl)?

    <p>$t_{1/2} = 0.693 \times \frac{Vd}{Cl}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an allegation problem, what is the definition of the term 'allegation'?

    <p>A calculation involving mixing different concentrations to achieve a desired concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the elimination half-life in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>It indicates how quickly a drug is cleared from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate calculation for a child's dosage based on Clark's Rule?

    <p>Weight in pounds x adult dose / 150 lb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When preparing a solution, what is meant by 'mEq'?

    <p>Milliequivalents, a measure of solute concentration in a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the 0 order reaction?

    <p>The rate of elimination is constant over time, irrespective of concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a drug given via multiple dosing, what does the formula $R = e^{kT}$ represent?

    <p>The rate of drug accumulation in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you prepare a 30% alcoholic elixir using a 70% and 20% alcoholic elixir?

    <p>Use more of the 70% elixir than the 20% elixir.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacy Calculations Workshop

    • Workshop presented by Yuxin Qian, 090422
    • Topics covered include: formulas, solutions, compounding, dose-related calculations, pharmacokinetics, pharmacy financial assessment, and statistics.
    • Formulas will be provided in the examination booklets, and don't need to be memorized.
    • Examples of formulas from the PEBC information booklet (used in the EE exam) will be provided.
    • Formulas for calculating rate constants for 1st and 0th order reactions were shown.
    • pH calculations using pKa and pKb
    • Rule of nines for pH calculations was presented( I pH - pKa I = 1 ---- 90 : 10, I pH - pKa I = 2 ---- 99 : 1, I pH - pKa I = 3 ---- 99.9 : 0.1 ).
    • Calculations for preparing isotonic solutions, including dissociation values (i) for various solutions (NaCl, CaCl2).
    • Formulas for calculating inventory turnover, gross margin, net profit margin, price markup, elasticity.
    • Formulas for calculating normality, molarity, molality and their applications.
    • Formulas for calculating isotonic solutions, and their relation to freezing point depression
    • Procedures for compounding and dose administration were explained along with related abbreviations.
    • Formulas related to Pharmacokinetics, such as calculating loading dose, infusion rate, and steady-state concentration (Css) were covered.
    • Formulas for different reaction orders (zero, first, second, and nth order). Included Rate Laws, integrated rate laws, units of rate constant, linear plots, and half-lives.
    • Examples of questions and solution steps for various types of calculations were demonstrated (e.g. determining the pH of a solution , calculating the amount of NaCl needed for a solution, calculating rate of flow, calculating dosing rate).
    • Formulas for Calculating Mean, Median, Mode, Degree of freedom (DF), range
    • Standard deviation (SD), relative standard deviation (RSD), standard error of the mean (SEM).
    • Normal distribution (68-95-99.7 rule) and its practical implications.
    • Study types like case-control, cohort, cross-sectional, twin concordance, and adoption studies were defined and examples of study designs were highlighted.
    • Accuracy and precision definitions for data collection and measurement were presented.
    • Type I and II errors were explained along with their use in research.
    • t-test, ANOVA, and meta-analysis were discussed.
    • Calculator usage and key functions important for exam were explained.
    • Important conversions between different units of different systems (e.g. apothecary, avoirdupois)
    • Final tips and advice regarding the use of formulas and attentive calculations during the Workshop, and important considerations for the exam were discussed.

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    Description

    Join us for an intensive workshop on pharmacy calculations led by Yuxin Qian. This workshop covers critical topics such as formulas for compounding, dose-related calculations, pH calculations, and pharmacy financial assessments, with relevant examples provided from the PEBC information booklet. Suitable for future pharmacists, this practical session will enhance your skills in pharmacokinetics and statistical analysis.

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