Podcast
Questions and Answers
When is the Michaelis-Menten equation expected to demonstrate first-order kinetics?
When is the Michaelis-Menten equation expected to demonstrate first-order kinetics?
- When substrate concentration [S] approaches the mean μ.
- When substrate concentration [S] fluctuates randomly around the mean μ.
- When substrate concentration [S] is significantly higher than the mean μ.
- When substrate concentration [S] is significantly lower than the mean μ. (correct)
The 68-95-99.7 rule describes the distribution of data. What percentage of data falls within 2 standard deviations from the mean?
The 68-95-99.7 rule describes the distribution of data. What percentage of data falls within 2 standard deviations from the mean?
- 99.7%
- 68%
- 100%
- 95% (correct)
What does a false positive in a test indicate?
What does a false positive in a test indicate?
- Incorrectly identified negative condition.
- Correctly identified positive condition.
- Correctly identified negative condition.
- Incorrectly identified positive condition. (correct)
What is the equivalent weight of 1 grain in milligrams?
What is the equivalent weight of 1 grain in milligrams?
How many milliliters are there in one pint?
How many milliliters are there in one pint?
Which of the following is a common error type mentioned in the context of test outcomes?
Which of the following is a common error type mentioned in the context of test outcomes?
What does the term 'pKa' refer to in the provided formula for calculating pH?
What does the term 'pKa' refer to in the provided formula for calculating pH?
When calculating the pH using the formula $pH = pKa + log\left(\frac{[Salt]}{[Acid]}\right)$, what does a pH – pKa difference of 1 correspond to in terms of salt and acid ratio?
When calculating the pH using the formula $pH = pKa + log\left(\frac{[Salt]}{[Acid]}\right)$, what does a pH – pKa difference of 1 correspond to in terms of salt and acid ratio?
How is the volume of isotonic solution that can be prepared from a given weight of drug calculated?
How is the volume of isotonic solution that can be prepared from a given weight of drug calculated?
In the example provided for isotonicity, how much sodium chloride is required to prepare a 100 ml solution of a 1% apomorphine hydrochloride solution?
In the example provided for isotonicity, how much sodium chloride is required to prepare a 100 ml solution of a 1% apomorphine hydrochloride solution?
If the pKb of ephedrine is 4.56, what can be inferred about the relationship between its pKa and pKb?
If the pKb of ephedrine is 4.56, what can be inferred about the relationship between its pKa and pKb?
What would be the calculated pH of a solution containing 0.5 moles of ephedrine and 0.05 moles of ephedrine HCl using the provided formula?
What would be the calculated pH of a solution containing 0.5 moles of ephedrine and 0.05 moles of ephedrine HCl using the provided formula?
What does the sodium chloride equivalent value (E) indicate in the context of isotonic solutions?
What does the sodium chloride equivalent value (E) indicate in the context of isotonic solutions?
In the formula provided, what represents the 'Salt' component when calculating the pH?
In the formula provided, what represents the 'Salt' component when calculating the pH?
What does a 0.5 molar solution represent?
What does a 0.5 molar solution represent?
Which of the following defines molality?
Which of the following defines molality?
What is the dissociation value for CaCl2 in a weak solution?
What is the dissociation value for CaCl2 in a weak solution?
What is the freezing point depression caused by dissolving 1 g mol wt of any nonelectrolyte in 1000g of water?
What is the freezing point depression caused by dissolving 1 g mol wt of any nonelectrolyte in 1000g of water?
To prepare an isotonic solution, how much NaCl is needed for a solution that has a freezing point depression of -0.52 ℃?
To prepare an isotonic solution, how much NaCl is needed for a solution that has a freezing point depression of -0.52 ℃?
Which of the following is NOT true about normality (N)?
Which of the following is NOT true about normality (N)?
What is the freezing point depression of body fluids compared to the freezing point of 0.9% NaCl?
What is the freezing point depression of body fluids compared to the freezing point of 0.9% NaCl?
In preparing isotonic solutions, how is the amount of NaCl equivalent calculated?
In preparing isotonic solutions, how is the amount of NaCl equivalent calculated?
What abbreviation indicates a drug should be taken three times a day?
What abbreviation indicates a drug should be taken three times a day?
How does molarity differ from normality?
How does molarity differ from normality?
Which formula is used to calculate the loading dose for an intravenous infusion?
Which formula is used to calculate the loading dose for an intravenous infusion?
What does the Michaelis–Menten equation describe in pharmacokinetics?
What does the Michaelis–Menten equation describe in pharmacokinetics?
What is the half-life formula used in pharmacokinetics?
What is the half-life formula used in pharmacokinetics?
What is the purpose of Young's Rule in pediatric dosing?
What is the purpose of Young's Rule in pediatric dosing?
When administering a drug via IV infusion, how does the rate of accumulation compare to a single dose?
When administering a drug via IV infusion, how does the rate of accumulation compare to a single dose?
What is the correct formula for calculating the half-life of a drug with a volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance (Cl)?
What is the correct formula for calculating the half-life of a drug with a volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance (Cl)?
In an allegation problem, what is the definition of the term 'allegation'?
In an allegation problem, what is the definition of the term 'allegation'?
What is the significance of the elimination half-life in pharmacokinetics?
What is the significance of the elimination half-life in pharmacokinetics?
What is the appropriate calculation for a child's dosage based on Clark's Rule?
What is the appropriate calculation for a child's dosage based on Clark's Rule?
When preparing a solution, what is meant by 'mEq'?
When preparing a solution, what is meant by 'mEq'?
Which of the following is true about the 0 order reaction?
Which of the following is true about the 0 order reaction?
For a drug given via multiple dosing, what does the formula $R = e^{kT}$ represent?
For a drug given via multiple dosing, what does the formula $R = e^{kT}$ represent?
How would you prepare a 30% alcoholic elixir using a 70% and 20% alcoholic elixir?
How would you prepare a 30% alcoholic elixir using a 70% and 20% alcoholic elixir?
Flashcards
First-order reaction
First-order reaction
A chemical reaction where the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant. The half-life of a first-order reaction is constant.
Zero-order reaction
Zero-order reaction
A chemical reaction where the rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of the reactant. The half-life of a zero-order reaction is dependent on the initial concentration of the reactant.
Loading dose
Loading dose
The initial dose of medication given to rapidly achieve a therapeutic concentration in the blood.
Drug clearance (Cl)
Drug clearance (Cl)
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IV infusion
IV infusion
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Accumulation rate
Accumulation rate
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Fraction remaining in the body
Fraction remaining in the body
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Young's Rule
Young's Rule
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Clark's rule
Clark's rule
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Fried's rule
Fried's rule
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Normality (N)
Normality (N)
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Molarity (M)
Molarity (M)
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Molality (m)
Molality (m)
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Isotonic Solution
Isotonic Solution
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Freezing Point Depression
Freezing Point Depression
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Dissociation Value (i)
Dissociation Value (i)
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Sodium Chloride Equivalents
Sodium Chloride Equivalents
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NaCl Equivalent Calculation
NaCl Equivalent Calculation
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NaCl Equivalent of a Prescription Component
NaCl Equivalent of a Prescription Component
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Calculating NaCl Equivalents for Isotonic Solutions
Calculating NaCl Equivalents for Isotonic Solutions
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Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
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Rule of Nines (Burns)
Rule of Nines (Burns)
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pH of a buffer solution
pH of a buffer solution
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NaCl Equivalent Value
NaCl Equivalent Value
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Drug Weight and Equivalent Value
Drug Weight and Equivalent Value
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Tonicity
Tonicity
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Pharmaceutical Compounding
Pharmaceutical Compounding
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Dosage Calculations
Dosage Calculations
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68-95-99.7 Rule
68-95-99.7 Rule
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Equilibrium Assumption
Equilibrium Assumption
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Sensitivity
Sensitivity
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Specificity
Specificity
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Positive Predictive Value
Positive Predictive Value
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Negative Predictive Value
Negative Predictive Value
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Infusion Rate
Infusion Rate
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Half-life
Half-life
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Rate Constant (k) for First-Order Reactions
Rate Constant (k) for First-Order Reactions
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Volume of Distribution (Vd)
Volume of Distribution (Vd)
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Clearance (Cl)
Clearance (Cl)
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Steady State Concentration (Css)
Steady State Concentration (Css)
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Michaelis-Menten Equation
Michaelis-Menten Equation
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Study Notes
Pharmacy Calculations Workshop
- Workshop presented by Yuxin Qian, 090422
- Topics covered include: formulas, solutions, compounding, dose-related calculations, pharmacokinetics, pharmacy financial assessment, and statistics.
- Formulas will be provided in the examination booklets, and don't need to be memorized.
- Examples of formulas from the PEBC information booklet (used in the EE exam) will be provided.
- Formulas for calculating rate constants for 1st and 0th order reactions were shown.
- pH calculations using pKa and pKb
- Rule of nines for pH calculations was presented( I pH - pKa I = 1 ---- 90 : 10, I pH - pKa I = 2 ---- 99 : 1, I pH - pKa I = 3 ---- 99.9 : 0.1 ).
- Calculations for preparing isotonic solutions, including dissociation values (i) for various solutions (NaCl, CaCl2).
- Formulas for calculating inventory turnover, gross margin, net profit margin, price markup, elasticity.
- Formulas for calculating normality, molarity, molality and their applications.
- Formulas for calculating isotonic solutions, and their relation to freezing point depression
- Procedures for compounding and dose administration were explained along with related abbreviations.
- Formulas related to Pharmacokinetics, such as calculating loading dose, infusion rate, and steady-state concentration (Css) were covered.
- Formulas for different reaction orders (zero, first, second, and nth order). Included Rate Laws, integrated rate laws, units of rate constant, linear plots, and half-lives.
- Examples of questions and solution steps for various types of calculations were demonstrated (e.g. determining the pH of a solution , calculating the amount of NaCl needed for a solution, calculating rate of flow, calculating dosing rate).
- Formulas for Calculating Mean, Median, Mode, Degree of freedom (DF), range
- Standard deviation (SD), relative standard deviation (RSD), standard error of the mean (SEM).
- Normal distribution (68-95-99.7 rule) and its practical implications.
- Study types like case-control, cohort, cross-sectional, twin concordance, and adoption studies were defined and examples of study designs were highlighted.
- Accuracy and precision definitions for data collection and measurement were presented.
- Type I and II errors were explained along with their use in research.
- t-test, ANOVA, and meta-analysis were discussed.
- Calculator usage and key functions important for exam were explained.
- Important conversions between different units of different systems (e.g. apothecary, avoirdupois)
- Final tips and advice regarding the use of formulas and attentive calculations during the Workshop, and important considerations for the exam were discussed.
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